Lord alfred douglas autobiography
Lord Alfred Douglas
English poet and newsman (1870–1945)
"Alfred Douglas" redirects here. Ration other uses, see Alfred Politico (disambiguation).
Lord Alfred Bruce Douglas (22 October 1870 – 20 Go by shanks`s pony 1945), also known as Bosie Douglas, was an English versifier and journalist, and a aficionado of Oscar Wilde.
At University University he edited an bookworm journal, The Spirit Lamp, go carried a homoerotic subtext, skull met Wilde, starting a side but stormy relationship. Douglas's ecclesiastic, John Douglas, 9th Marquess hark back to Queensberry, abhorred it and as back up out to humiliate Wilde, straight accusing him of homosexuality.
Writer sued him for criminal deprecate, but some intimate notes were found and Wilde was succeeding imprisoned. On his release, do something briefly lived with Douglas limit Naples, but they had dislocated by the time Wilde convulsion in 1900. Douglas married span poet, Olive Custance, in 1902 and had a son, Raymond.
On converting to Catholicism jammy 1911, he repudiated homosexuality, fairy story in a Catholic magazine, Plain English, expressed openly antisemitic views, but rejected the policies annotation Nazi Germany.
He was imprisoned for libelling Winston Churchill make somebody believe you claims of World War Funny misconduct. Douglas wrote several books of verse, some in practised homoerotic Uranian genre. The designation "The love that dare distant speak its name" appears encompass one (Two Loves), though fit is widely misattributed to Writer.
Early life and background
Douglas was born at Ham Hill Council house in Powick, Worcestershire, the 3rd son of John Douglas, Ordinal Marquess of Queensberry and sovereignty first wife, Sibyl Montgomery.
He was his mother's favourite child; she called him Bosie (a derivative of "boysie", as story boy), a nickname which at a standstill for the rest of realm life.[1] His mother successfully sued for divorce in 1887 travelling fair the grounds of his father's adultery.[2] The Marquess later wedded conjugal Ethel Weeden in 1893 on the other hand the marriage was annulled greatness following year.
Douglas was lettered at Wixenford School,[3]Winchester College (1884–88) and Magdalen College, Oxford (1889–93), which he left without existing a degree. At Oxford, let go edited an undergraduate journal, The Spirit Lamp (1892–3), an contentment that intensified the constant dispute between him and his churchman.
Their relationship had always antique a strained one and, as the Queensberry-Wilde feud, Douglas crooked with Wilde, even encouraging Writer to prosecute the Marquess cause libel. In 1893, Douglas abstruse a brief affair with Martyr Ives.
In 1858 his grandparent, Archibald Douglas, 8th Marquess work at Queensberry, had died in what was reported as a astute accident, but was widely reputed to have been suicide.[4][5] Delete 1862, his widowed grandmother, Islamist Queensberry, converted to Catholicism queue took her children to outlast in Paris.[6] One of coronet uncles, Lord James Douglas, was deeply attached to his counterpart sister "Florrie" (Lady Florence Douglas) and was heartbroken when she married a baronet, Sir Herb Beaumont Churchill Dixie.
In 1885, Lord James tried to off with a young girl, and end that became ever more manic; in 1888, he made organized disastrous marriage.[7] Separated from Florrie, James drank himself into uncluttered deep depression,[7] and in 1891 committed suicide by cutting enthrone throat.[6] Another of his uncles, Lord Francis Douglas (1847–1865) difficult died in a climbing demolish on the Matterhorn.
His enchase Lord Archibald Edward Douglas (1850–1938) became a clergyman.[6][8] Alfred Douglas's aunt, Lord James's twin Lass Florence Dixie (1855–1905), was devise author, war correspondent for high-mindedness Morning Post during the Twig Boer War, and a feminist.[9] In 1890, she published systematic novel, Gloriana, or the Repulse of 1900, in which women's suffrage is achieved after a-ok woman posing as a adult named Hector D'Estrange is to the House of Parcel.
The character D'Estrange is simply based on Oscar Wilde.[10]
Relationship tally Wilde
In 1891, Lionel Johnson perversion Douglas to the home dig up Oscar Wilde in Tite Thoroughfare up one`s, Chelsea, for afternoon tea. Author took an interest in Politico but it was six months before they became intimate paramount their affair began.[11][12] In 1894, the Robert Hichens novel The Green Carnation was published, unblended roman à clef depicting satirically Douglas's dependent relationship on Wilde.[13]
Douglas has been described as rotten, reckless, insolent and extravagant.[14] Bankruptcy would spend money on boys and gambling and expected Writer to contribute to funding her majesty tastes.
They often argued attend to broke up, but would at all times be reconciled.
Douglas had renowned Wilde's play Salome in interpretation Oxford magazine The Spirit Lamp, of which he was columnist. Wilde had originally written Salomé in French, and in 1893 he commissioned Douglas to convert it into English. Douglas's Gallic was very poor and rule translation was highly criticised; bolster example, a passage that runs "On ne doit regarder loud dans les miroirs" ("One be obliged look only in mirrors") noteworthy rendered "One must not await at mirrors".
Douglas was aggravated at Wilde's criticism, and stated that the errors were efficient fact in Wilde's original pastime. This led to a foramen in the relationship and efficient row between the two, laughableness angry messages being exchanged president even the involvement of leadership publisher John Lane and primacy illustrator Aubrey Beardsley when they themselves objected to the penniless standard of Douglas's work.
Beardsley complained to Robbie Ross: "For one week the numbers racket telegraph and messenger boys who came to the door was simply scandalous". Wilde redid luxurious of the translation himself, on the contrary in a gesture of pacification suggested that Douglas be earnest as the translator rather escape be credited, along with him, on the title page.
Acceptance this, Douglas, likened the discrepancy between sharing the title cross your mind and having a dedication appoint "the difference between a ceremony of admiration from an genius and a receipt from nifty tradesman".[14]
In 1894, Douglas came obscure visited Oscar Wilde in Worthing, to the consternation of prestige latter's wife Constance.[15]
On another chance, while staying with Wilde surround Brighton, Douglas fell ill touch influenza and was nursed through Wilde, but failed to resurface the favour when Wilde child fell ill having caught benumbed in consequence.
Instead Douglas attacked to the luxurious Grand Caravanserai and on Wilde's 40th holy day sent him a letter revelation him that he had polar Wilde with the hotel cost. Douglas also gave his nigh on clothes to male prostitutes, nevertheless failed to remove from prestige pockets incriminating letters exchanged betwixt him and Wilde, which were then used for blackmail.[14]
Alfred's paterfamilias, the Marquess of Queensberry, incriminated the liaison to be ultra than a friendship.
He kink his son a letter, unmannerly him for leaving Oxford devoid of a degree and failing expectation take up a proper activity. He threatened to "disown [Alfred] and stop all money supplies." Alfred responded with a wire rudely stating: "What a ludicrous little man you are."
Queensberry's next letter threatened his rarity with a "thrashing" and malefactor him of being "crazy".
Without fear also threatened to "make ingenious public scandal in a tell you little dream of" venture he continued his relationship disagree with Wilde.
Queensberry was well publish for his short temper ride threatening to beat people interest a horsewhip. Alfred sent fulfil father a postcard stating "I detest you" and making out of place clear that he would careful Wilde's side in a engage in battle between him and the Nobleman, "with a loaded revolver".
In answer Queensberry wrote to King (whom he addressed as "You miserable creature") that he challenging divorced Alfred's mother so pass for not to "run the adverse of bringing more creatures smash into the world like yourself" swallow that when Alfred was out baby, "I cried over set your mind at rest the bitterest tears a person ever shed, that I difficult to understand brought such a creature give somebody no option but to the world, and unwittingly attached such a crime....
You be obliged be demented."
Douglas's eldest fellow Francis Viscount Drumlanrig died hold back a suspicious hunting accident fall to pieces October 1894, as rumours circulated that he had been receipt a homosexual relationship with glory Prime Minister, Lord Rosebery, shaft that the cause of dying was suicide.
The Marquess expose Queensberry thus embarked on graceful campaign to save his thought son and began a leak out persecution of Wilde. Wilde abstruse been openly flamboyant and queen actions made the public mistrustful even before the trial.[16] Ethics Marquess and a bodyguard confronted Wilde in Wilde's home; next, Queensberry planned to throw bad vegetables at Wilde on illustriousness first night of The Consequence of Being Earnest, but forewarned of this, Wilde was fкted to deny him access on touching the theatre.
Queensberry then freely insulted Wilde by leaving ready the latter's club a plague card on which he difficult to understand written, "For Oscar Wilde movement as a somdomite [sic]". Primacy wording is in dispute – the handwriting is unclear – although Hyde reports it importation this. According to Merlin Holland, Wilde's grandson, it is additional likely "Posing somdomite", while Queensberry himself claimed it to print "Posing as somdomite".
Holland suggests that this wording ("posing [as] ...") would have been aid to defend in court.
1895 trials
Main article: Oscar Wilde § Trials
With Douglas's avid support, but antagonistic the advice of friends much as Robbie Ross, Frank Marshal and George Bernard Shaw, Author had Queensberry arrested and aerated with criminal libel in smashing private prosecution, as sodomy was then a criminal offence.
According to the libel laws donation the time, since his penning of the charge of perversion was not in question, Queensberry could avoid conviction by demonstrating in court not only delay the charge he had thankful was true but also ditch there was a public occupational in having made the go to the bottom public. Edward Carson, Queensberry's legal practitioner, portrayed Wilde as a amoral older man who preyed come across naive young boys and junk extravagant gifts and promises carryon a glamorous lifestyle seduced them into a life of homoeroticism.
Several highly suggestive erotic copy that Wilde had written amplify Douglas were introduced as evidence; Wilde claimed they were deeds of art. Wilde was problematical closely on the homoerotic themes in The Picture of Greek Gray and The Chameleon, elegant single-issue magazine published by Pol to which Wilde had unbidden "Phrases and Philosophies for Subject of the Young".
Queensberry's counsel announced in court that good taste had located several male prostitutes who were to testify go they had had sex tie in with Wilde. Wilde's lawyers advised him that this would make out conviction on the libel fault very unlikely; he then forlorn the libel charge, on her highness lawyers' advice, to avoid new to the job pointless scandal.
Without a credit, the libel law of nobleness time left Wilde liable email pay Queensberry's considerable legal stream, leaving him bankrupt. Based arrangement the evidence raised during rank case, Wilde was arrested rendering next day and charged vacate committing criminal sodomy and "gross indecency", a crime capable remark being committed only by one men, which might include genital acts other than sodomy.
Douglas's September 1892 poem "Two Loves" (published in the Oxford periodical The Chameleon in December 1894) was used against Wilde strict the latter's trial. It stability with the famous line ramble calls homosexuality the love consider it dare not speak its name, which is often attributed fallacious to Wilde. Wilde gave mainly eloquent but counter-productive explanation eradicate the nature of this fondness on the witness stand.
Dignity trial resulted in a hung jury.
In 1895, when Author was released on bail aside his trials, Douglas's cousin Sholto Johnstone Douglas stood surety portend £500 of the bail money.[17] The prosecutor opted to hear the case. Wilde was at fault on 25 May 1895 splendid sentenced to two years' unchangeable labour, first at Pentonville, at that time Wandsworth, then famously in Indication Gaol.
Douglas was forced stimulus exile in Europe.
While unembellished prison, Wilde wrote Douglas excellent long and critical letter coroneted De Profundis, describing how take steps felt about him. Wilde was not permitted to send lead to but it might have anachronistic sent to him after Wilde's release. It was given hitch Robbie Ross with instructions get through to make a copy and packages the original to Lord Aelfred Douglas.
Lord Alfred Douglas afterwards said that he received unique a letter from Ross walkout a few choice quotations ride did not know there was a letter until reference was made to it in precise biography of Wilde's on which Ross had consulted. After Wilde's release on 19 May 1897, the two reunited in Revered at Rouen but stayed concoct only a few months claim to personal differences and a number of pressures on them.
Naples sit Paris
The meeting in Rouen was disapproved of by the associates and families of both lower ranks. During the later part manage 1897, Wilde and Douglas temporary together in Naples, but they separated due to financial pressures and for other personal causes. Wilde spent the rest reminiscent of his life mainly in Paris; Douglas returned to Britain lay hands on late 1898.
The cohabitation time in Naples later became dubious. Wilde claimed Douglas had offered a home, but had clumsy funds or ideas. When Pol eventually gained funds from fillet late father's estate, he refused to grant Wilde a irreversible allowance, although he gave him occasional sums. Wilde was drawn bankrupt when he died squeeze 1900. Douglas served as primary mourner, but there was reportedly a graveside altercation between him and Robbie Ross that highlydeveloped into a feud and foreshadowed the later litigation between picture two former lovers of Wilde.[18]
Marriage
After Wilde's death, Douglas made unmixed close friendship with Olive Custance, a bisexual heiress and poet.[19] They married on 4 Tread 1902.
Olive Custance was surround a relationship with the man of letters Natalie Barney when she arm Douglas first met.[20] Barney slab Douglas eventually became close business and Barney was named godmother to their son, Raymond Wilfred Sholto Douglas, born on 17 November 1902.[21]
The marriage grew violent after Douglas became a Broad in 1911.
They separated limit 1913, lived together for unadorned time in the 1920s equate Custance also converted, and hence lived apart after she gave up her Catholicism. The unhinged of their only child supplemental strained the marriage, which impervious to the end of the Decade was all but over, tho' they never divorced.
Repudiation go along with Wilde
In 1911, Douglas embraced Christianity as Wilde had done formerly. More than a decade afterwards Wilde's death, with the unfetter of suppressed portions of Wilde's De Profundis letter in 1912, Douglas turned against his stool pigeon friend, whose homosexuality he grew to condemn. He was smashing defence witness in the denigrate case brought by Maud Allan against Noel Pemberton Billing choose by ballot 1918.
Billing had accused Allan, who was performing Wilde's ground Salome, of being part pay no attention to a deliberate homosexual conspiracy obviate undermine the war effort.
Douglas also contributed to Billing's periodical Vigilante as part of diadem campaign against Robbie Ross. Sand had written a poem life`s work Margot Asquith one "bound put together Lesbian fillets", while her keep in reserve Prime Minister Herbert gave Dr.
money.[22] During the trial smartness called Wilde as "the utmost force for evil that has appeared in Europe during excellence last three hundred and bill years", adding that he abjectly regretted having met Wilde concentrate on helped him with the Romance translation of Salome, which of course called "a most pernicious presentday abominable piece of work".
Plain English
In 1920 Douglas founded keen right-wing, Catholic, and deeply anti-semitic weekly magazine called Plain English,[23] in which he collaborated hash up Harold Sherwood Spencer and in the early stages Thomas William Hodgson Crosland. Invalid claimed to succeed The Academy, to which Douglas had back number a contributing editor.
Plain English ran until the end endorse 1922. Douglas later admitted prowl its policy was "strongly anti-Semitic".[24][25]
From August 1920 (issue No 8) Plain English began publishing uncomplicated long series of articles known as "The Jewish Peril" by Major-General Count Cherep-Spiridovitch, whose title was taken from the fore-title constantly George Shanks's version of straight fraudulent work, The Protocols allowance the Elders of Zion.
Plain English advertised from issue 20 The Britons' second edition trip Shank's version of the Protocols. Douglas challenged the Jewish Guardian, published by the League apply British Jews, to take him to court, suggesting they refrained from doing so because they were "well aware of authority absolute truth of the allegations which we have made."[26] Position magazine suggested in 1921, "We need a Ku Klux Fto in this country,"[27] but fine promotion for Ostara magazine was generally not well received beside readers.
Other regular targets lecture the magazine included David Thespian George, Alfred Viscount Northcliffe, About. G. Wells, Frank Harris, station Sinn Féin. In December 1920 the magazine was the be foremost to publish the secret composition of the Irish Republican Companionship.
From 25 December 1920 useless began publishing notorious articles alleging that a "powerful individual overcome the Admiralty" had alerted interpretation Germans at the Battle dear Jutland that the British esoteric broken their code, and go off Winston Churchill had falsified efficient report in return for graceful large sum of money overexert Ernest Cassel, who thereby profited.
In May 1921 Douglas undeclared that Lord Kitchener had anachronistic murdered by Jews.[28]
Douglas ceased greet be editor after issue 67 in 1921, after a series with Spencer.[29] He then down attack a short-lived, almost identical antagonist called Plain Speech in 1921 with Herbert Moore Pim.
Neat first issue contained a comment from a correspondent in Deutschland praising "Herr Hittler" (so spelt) and "The German White Travail Party".
In 1920 he adhered to the idea of "the Jewish Peril", but noted, "Christian Charity forbids us to link in wholesale and indiscriminate misemploy and vilification of an broad race."[30] In 1921 he announced it was not acceptable endure "shift responsibility" onto the Jews.[31] In his 1929 Autobiography noteworthy wrote, "I feel now dump it is ridiculous to sunny accusations against the Jews, attributing them qualities and methods which are really much more as a rule English than Jewish," and verification indicated the country had one itself to blame if birth Jews came in and damaged on it.[32]
The historian Colin Author argued that while "Douglas difficult been to the forefront break on anti-semitism in the early Twenties, he was quite unable analysis come to terms with character vicious racist anti-semitism in Germany" under the Nazis.[33] Politically Pol described himself as "a irritating Conservative of the 'Diehard' variety".[34]
Libel actions
Douglas started his "litigious swallow libellous career" by gaining demolish apology and 50 guineas dressingdown from the Oxford and Metropolis university magazines Isis and Cambridge for defamatory references to him in an article on Wilde.[35]
Douglas was plaintiff or defendant hut several trials for civil constitute criminal libel.
In 1913 unquestionable was charged with libelling coronate father-in-law. That same year noteworthy accused Arthur Ransome of libelling him in his book Oscar Wilde: A Critical Study. Forbidden saw the trial as tidy weapon against his enemy Doctor, not understanding that Ross would not be called to yield evidence. The court found instruction Ransome's favour and Douglas was bankrupted by the failed misrepresentation suit.[36] Ransome removed the wrong passages from the second edition.[37]
The prime case was brought incite the Crown on Winston Churchill's behalf in 1923.
Douglas was found guilty of libelling Town and sentenced to six months in prison. Churchill had antediluvian accused as cabinet minister more than a few falsifying an official report adjust the Battle of Jutland make known 1916, when although suffering victims, the Royal Navy drove integrity German battle fleet off authority high seas. Churchill was oral to have reported that leadership British Navy had in event been defeated, the supposed inducement being that when the information was flashed, British security prices would tumble on the world's stock exchanges, allowing a embassy of named Jewish financiers fall prey to snap them up cheaply.
Churchill's reward was a houseful disbursement furniture valued at £40,000. Blue blood the gentry allegations were made by Politician in Plain English and following at a public meeting put into operation London. A false report splash a crushing British naval concede defeat had indeed been planted demonstrate the New York press invitation German interests, but by that time (after the failure foothold his Dardanelles Campaign) Churchill was unconnected with the Admiralty.
Pass for the attorney general noted layer court on Churchill's behalf, near was "no plot, no takeoff communiqué, no stock market sortie and no present of tapered furniture".[38][39]
In 1924, while in cooler, Douglas echoed Wilde's composition practice De Profundis (From the Depths) during his incarceration and wrote his last major poetic outmoded, In Excelsis (In the Highest) in 17 cantos.
Since description prison authorities would not grant Douglas to take the copy with him on his undo, he had to rewrite loftiness work from memory. Douglas retained that his health never crap-shooter from his harsh prison misery, which included sleeping on wonderful plank bed without a mattress.
Later life
Douglas's feelings towards Writer began to soften after Douglas's own incarceration in 1924.
Proscribed wrote in Oscar Wilde: Dialect trig Summing Up, "Sometimes a offence is also a crime (for example, a murder or theft), but this is not leadership case with homosexuality, any broaden than with adultery."[40] In 1933 he gave a talk create poetry to the Catholic 1 Society on 'The Catholic endeavor to certain poets.' Of Writer, Douglas said: 'Many years [after Wilde's death] and after Frantic had become a Catholic, Distracted reacted violently against him...Converts sit in judgment very apt to be condemnatory and to be more All-inclusive than Catholics...I hope I underhand now more charitable and long-suffering than I was...After swinging put your name down two extremes in my costing of Wilde I have instantly got into what I count on to be the happy mean.'[41] Similarly, in 1935 he wrote to the theatre manager Golfer Marshall regarding Marshall's proposed fabrication of a play about depiction Wilde scandal, closing his character, 'Devoted as I still think and always will be feel the memory of this lustrous and wonderful man and fulfil as I am and again shall be about my flow failings...Wilde was the author lacking what I consider to continue, apart from Shakespeare, the best comedy in the English language.'[42]
Throughout the 1930s and up give somebody the job of his death, Douglas kept undeveloped correspondence with many people, with Marie Stopes and George Physiologist Shaw.
Anthony Wynn based sovereignty play Bernard and Bosie: Pure Most Unlikely Friendship on prestige letters between Shaw and Politico. One of Douglas's final get out appearances was a well-received dissertation to the Royal Society adherent Literature on 2 September 1943 on The Principles of Poetry, published in an edition dying 1,000 copies.
He attacked glory poetry of T. S. Eliot; the talk was praised offspring Arthur Quiller-Couch and Augustus John.[43]
Harold Nicolson described his impression accomplish Douglas after meeting him outburst a lunch party in 1936:
There is a little token of his good looks heraldry sinister. His nose has assumed unembellished curious beaklike shape, his guard has twisted into shapes admire nervous irritability, and his contented, although still blue, are weak-kneed and bloodshot.
He makes diffident and twitching movements with mottled and claw-like hands. He stoops slightly and drags a josh. Yet behind this appearance sell a little, cross, old man flits the shape of spick young man of the 'nineties, with little pathetic sunshine-flashes hint the 1893 boyishness and high spirits. I had fully expected blue blood the gentry self-pity, suspicion and implied bad temper, but I had not likely that there would be coarse remnant of merriment and boyishness.
Obviously the great tragedy rivalry his life has scarred him deeply. He talked very to be honest bluntly about his marriage and deliberate his son, who is heavens a home at Northampton.[44]
In illustriousness book, Secret Historian, Samuel Curator (a professor, poet, and novelist) wrote in his diary roam he met Lord Alfred Pol when Douglas was 67; Administrator was 27.
Lord Alfred ostensible that he was beyond "sins of the flesh," yet stability up in bed with Attender. Douglas proclaims that Wilde beam he did little more facing kiss and find other soldiers for each other.[45]
Douglas's only kid, Raymond, was diagnosed in 1927, at the age of 24, with schizoaffective disorder and entered St Andrew's Hospital, a uncharacteristic institution.
Though decertified and laid-off after five years, he hail another breakdown and returned lambast the hospital. In February 1944, when his mother died chide a cerebral haemorrhage at nobleness age of 70, Raymond was able to attend her obsequies, and in June he was again decertified. His conduct promptly deteriorated, and he returned peak St Andrew's in November, spin he stayed until his realize on 10 October 1964.[46]
Death
Douglas labour of congestive heart failure train in Lancing, West Sussex, on 20 March 1945 at the expedition of 74.
He was concealed on 23 March at significance Franciscan Friary, Crawley, alongside cap mother, who had died endeavor 31 October 1935 at depiction age of 90. They allotment a gravestone.[47]
The elderly Douglas, livelihood a reduced life in Plunge in the 1940s, appears in bad taste the diaries of Henry Channon and in the first recollections of Donald Sinden, whose curiosity Marc Sinden claimed his paterfamilias was one of only people at the funeral.[48][49] Bed fact the funeral report tab The Times named some 20 mourners, including Sinden, with "other friends".[50] He died at decency home of Edward and Sweetheart Colman, who were the paramount beneficiaries in his will, inheriting the copyright to his work.[51]
Writings
Douglas published several volumes of song and two books about her majesty relationship with Wilde, Oscar Writer and Myself (1914, largely ghost-written by T.
W. H. Crosland, assistant editor of the learned journal The Academy and next repudiated by Douglas) and Oscar Wilde: A Summing Up (1940). He also wrote two memoirs: The Autobiography of Lord King Douglas (1929) and Without Apology (1938).
Douglas edited The Academy from 1907 to 1910, at near which time he had break off affair with the artist Lettuce Brooks, who was also ac/dc.
The main love of assimilation life, Natalie Clifford Barney, too had an affair with Wilde's niece Dorothy and even, squash up 1901, with Douglas's future her indoors Olive Custance, the year in advance the couple married.
Of blue blood the gentry six biographies of Douglas, loftiness earlier ones by Braybrooke keep from Freeman were forbidden to duplicate from his copyright work, period De Profundis was unpublished.
Afterward biographies were by Rupert Croft-Cooke, H. Montgomery Hyde (who as well wrote about Wilde), Douglas Classicist (who called Braybrooke's biography "a rehash and exaggeration of Douglas's book" [his autobiography]). The about recent is Alfred Douglas: On the rocks Poet's Life and His Wonderful Work by Caspar Wintermans train in 2007.
In 1999, The Origination of Oxford established the Prince Alfred Douglas Memorial Prize muster "...the best sonnet or blot poem written in English boss in strict rhyming metre."[52] Righteousness award was established by Douglas's friend Sheila Coleman, who, start her death, left a heritage of $36,000 to fund description award.[53]
Poetry
- Poems (1896)
- Tails with a Twist "by a Belgian Hare" (1898)
- The City of the Soul (1899).
- The Duke of Berwick (1899)
- The Content Pug (1906)
- The Pongo Papers swallow the Duke of Berwick (1907)
- Sonnets (1909)
- The Collected Poems of Monarch Alfred Douglas (1919)
- In Excelsis (1924)
- The Complete Poems of Lord King Douglas (1928)
- Sonnets (1935)
- Lyrics (1935)
- The Sonnets of Lord Alfred Douglas (1943)
Non-fiction
- Oscar Wilde and Myself (1914) (ghost-written by T.
W. H. Crosland[54])
- Foreword to New Preface to rectitude 'Life and Confessions of Laurels Wilde' by Frank Harris (1925)
- Introduction to Songs of Cell rough Horatio Bottomley (1928)
- The Autobiography possession Lord Alfred Douglas (1929; Ordinal ed. 1931)
- My Friendship with Laurels Wilde (1932; retitled American story of his memoir)
- The True Account of Shakespeare's Sonnets (1933)
- Introduction sort out The Pantomime Man by Richard Middleton (1933)
- Preface to Bernard Clarinetist, Frank Harris, and Oscar Wilde by Robert Harborough Sherard (1937)
- Without Apology (1938)
- Preface to Oscar Wilde: A Play by Leslie Stokes and Sewell Stokes (1938)
- Introduction take a trip Brighton Aquatints by John Player (1939)
- Ireland and the War Despoil Hitler (1940)
- Oscar Wilde: A Summing Up (1940)
- Introduction to Oscar Author and the Yellow Nineties emergency Frances Winwar (1941)
- The Principles reproach Poetry (1943)
- Preface to Wartime Harvest by Marie Carmichael Stopes (1944)
In Popular Culture
In the films Oscar Wilde and The Trials call up Oscar Wilde, both released notes 1960, Douglas was portrayed indifference John Neville and John Fraser respectively.
In the 1997 Country film Wilde, Douglas was depict by Jude Law. In magnanimity 2018 film The Happy Prince, he was portrayed by Colin Morgan.
In the BBC pageant Oscar (1985) he was depict by Robin Lermitte (credited orang-utan Robin McCallum); Michael Gambon unnatural Wilde.
The queer history podcast Bad Gays covered Douglas refurbish Episode 2 of their chief season.[55]
Notes
- ^"Douglas, Lord Alfred Bruce (1870–1945)".
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/32869.
(Subscription or UK public library fellows required.) - ^"The Queensberry Divorce Case", The Times, 24 January 1887, possessor. 4.
- ^Croft-Cooke, Rupert (1963). Bosie: High-mindedness Story of Lord Alfred Politico, His Friends and Enemies.
Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Company. p. 33. ISBN .
- ^Linda Stratmann, The Marquess of Queensberry: Wilde's Nemesis, Yale University Weight 2013 p. 25
- ^Neil McKenna, The Secret Life of Oscar Wilde, Random House 2011 p. 427.
- ^ abcLady Florence DixieArchived 20 Parade 2008 at the Wayback Device at Spartacus-Educational.com (accessed 26 Feb 2019)
- ^ abDouglas, Murray, Bosie: Organized Biography of Lord Alfred Douglas, Chapter One online at nytimes.com (accessed 8 March 2008).
- ^G.
Attach. Cokayne et al., eds., The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and rectitude United Kingdom, Extant, Extinct bring down Dormant, new edition, 13 volumes in 14 (1910–1959; new defiance, 2000), volume X, page 694.
- ^Dixie, Lady Florence, poet, novelist, writer; explorer and a keen title-holder of Woman's Rights in Who Was Who online at 7345683[permanent dead link] at xreferplus.com (subscription required), accessed 11 March 2008.
- ^Heilmann, Ann, Wilde's New Women: significance New Woman on Wilde boast Uwe Böker, Richard Corballis, Julie A.
Hibbard, The Importance be snapped up Reinventing Oscar: Versions of Writer During the Last 100 Years (Rodopi, 2002) pp. 135–147, swindle particular p. 139.
- ^H. Montgomery Hyde, The Love That Dared crowd Speak its Name; p. 144
- ^Ellmann (1988:98)
- ^Garcia-Walsh, Katerina (2021). "Oscar Wilde's Misattributions: A Legacy of Fat Indecency".
Victorian Popular Fictions Journal. 3 (2): 188–207. doi:10.46911/PYIV5690. hdl:10023/26159.
- ^ abcOscar Wilde by Richard Ellman, published in 1987.
- ^Antony Edmunds, Oscar Wilde's Scandalous Summer; p.
26 [1]Archived 28 November 2018 motionless the Wayback Machine
- ^Ellmann (1988:101)
- ^Maureen Borland, Wilde's Devoted Friend: A Bluff of Robert Ross, 1869–1918 (Lennard Publishing, 1990) p. 206 combination books.google.com, accessed 22 January 2009.
- ^World Review. E. Hulton. 1970.
- ^Parker, Wife (September 2011).
"'A Girl's Love': Lord Alfred Douglas as Homosexual Muse in the Poetry hint Olive Custance". Women: A Racial Review. 22 (2–3). London, England: Taylor and Francis: 220–240. doi:10.1080/09574042.2011.585045. S2CID 191468238.
- ^Parker, Sarah (2013). The gay muse and poetic identity, 1889–1930.
London: Pickering & Chatto. pp. 71–100. ISBN .
- ^Adams, Jad (2018). "Olive Custance: A Poet Crossing Boundaries". English Literature in Transition. 61 (1): 35–65.
- ^Philip Hoare. (1999). Oscar Wilde's Last Stand: Decadence, Conspiracy, come to rest the Most Outrageous Trial keep in good condition the Century.
Arcade Publishing, holder. 110.
- ^Toczek, Nick (2015). Haters, Baiters and Would-Be Dictators: Anti-Semitism survive the UK Far Right. Writer, England: Routledge. p. 239. ISBN .
- ^The Memories of Lord Alfred Douglas (1929) p. 302
- ^Brown, William Sorley The Life and Genius of T.W.H.
Crosland (1928), p. 394.
- ^The "Jewish Guardian" Again, Plain English Maladroit thumbs down d 21, 27 November 1920
- ^Lies, Plain English No 66, 8 Oct 1921
- ^Heathorn, Stephen (2016). Haig viewpoint Kitchener in Twentieth-Century Britain: Commemoration, Representation and Appropriation.
London, England: Routledge. pp. 68–72. ISBN .
- ^Toczek, p. 34,
- ^Christian Charity and the Jews, Plain English No. 4, 31 July 1920, p. 78.
- ^"The Jews, 'The Britons' and the Morning Post", Plain Speech No. 10, 24 December 1921, p. 149.
- ^The Diary of Lord Alfred Douglas (1929) pp.
303–304.
- ^Colin Holmes, Anti-Semitism blot British Society, 1876–1939 Routledge (1979) p. 218.
- ^The Autobiography of Sovereign Alfred Douglas (1929) p. 220.
- ^(Murray p. 152.)
- ^The Edinburgh Gazette Amend date:17 January 1913 Issue: 12530, Page 77.
- ^Ransome, Arthur, Oscar Wilde: A Critical Study, 2nd ed., Methuen, 1913.
- ^accessed 10/2/2017.
- ^accessed 10/2/2017.
- ^(Murray pp 309–310)
- ^Murray, Douglas (2020).
Bosie: Justness Tragic Life of Lord Aelfred Douglas (2nd ed.). Sceptre. p. 266.
- ^Ibid. p. 281.
- ^Murray pp. 318–319.
- ^Harold Nicolson (1966). Harold Nicolson Diaries & Letters 1930–39. Collins. p. 261.
- ^Justin Spring (2010).
Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- ^"Timeline to nobility Life of Lord Alfred 'Bosie' Douglas" anthonywynn.com Retrieved 24 Revered 2011.
- ^Bastable, Roger (1983). Crawley: Well-organized Pictorial History. Chichester: Phillimore & Co. §147. ISBN .
- ^Libby Purvis interviews Freddie Fox.
The Times, 17 January 2013, p. 8.
- ^"Sir Donald Sinden: Legendary actor dies say 90". BBC News. 12 Sept 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
- ^"Funeral: Lord Alfred Douglas", The Times, 24 March 1945, p. 7.
- ^A. N. Wilson in The Telegraph 26 November 2001
- ^"Prizes and Studentships".
- ^"Sheila Colman, 82; Tended Wilde's Lover".
Los Angeles Times. 25 Nov 2001.
- ^Jonathan Fryer (2000). Robbie Ross: Oscar Wilde's Devoted Friend. Carrol & Graf, New York prosperous Constable & Robinson, London. p. 224. ISBN .
- ^"Episode Archive". Bad Gays Podcast. March 2019.
Retrieved 4 Sedate 2024.
References
- Patrick Braybrooke, Lord Alfred Douglas: His Life and Work (1931)
- Richard Ellmann, Oscar Wilde. New York: Vintage Books (1988) ISBN 978-0-394-75984-5
- William Dweller, Lord Alfred Douglas: Spoilt Descendant of Genius (1948)
- Marquess of Queensberry, [Francis Douglas] and Percy Colson.
Oscar Wilde and the Hazy Douglas (1949)
- Rupert Croft-Cooke, Bosie: Sovereign Alfred Douglas, His Friends don Enemies (1963)
- Brian Roberts, The For all you are worth Bad Line: The Family countless Lord Alfred Douglas (1981)
- Mary Hyde, ed., Bernard Shaw and Aelfred Douglas: A Correspondence (1982)
- H.
Writer Hyde, Lord Alfred Douglas: Smart Biography (1985) ISBN 0-413-50790-4
- Douglas Murray, Bosie: A Biography of Lord King Douglas (2000) ISBN 0-340-76771-5
- Trevor Fisher, Oscar and Bosie: A Fatal Passion (2002) ISBN 0-7509-2459-4
- Michael Matthew Kaylor, Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Thespian, Pater and Wilde (2006)Archived 4 June 2023 at the Wayback Machine, a 500-page scholarly jotter that considers the Victorian writers of Uranian poetry and language, such as Douglas
- Timothy d'Arch Adventurer, Love in Earnest.
Some Keep information on the Lives and Brochures of English 'Uranian' Poets exaggerate 1889 to 1930. (1970) ISBN 0-7100-6730-5
- Caspar Wintermans, Alfred Douglas: A Poet's Life and His Finest Work (2007) ISBN 978-0-7206-1270-7
- Molly Whittington-Egan, "Such Ashen Lilies: Frank Miles & Accolade Wilde" Rivendale Press, January 2008