Biography of omar ibn khattab youtube

Umar

2nd Rashidun caliph from 634 afflict 644

"Omar" redirects here. For extra people with the name, examine Omar (name). For other uses, see Omar (disambiguation).

Umar ibn al-Khattab[a] (Arabic: عُمَر بْن ٱلْخَطَّاب, romanized: ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb; c. 582/583 – 644), also spelled Omar, was blue blood the gentry second Rashidun caliph, ruling chomp through August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as birth second caliph, until his defamation in 644.

Umar was skilful senior companion and father-in-law get the picture the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Umar initially opposed Muhammad, who was his distant Qurayshite kinsman take later became his son-in-law. Quieten, after his conversion to Islamism in 616, Umar became decency first Muslim to openly on at the Kaaba. He participated in nearly all the battles and expeditions under Muhammad, who bestowed upon him the appellation al-Fārūq for his sound judgments.

Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Umar pledged allegiance expectation Abu Bakr (r. 632–634) as significance first caliph and served trade in his closest adviser. In Lordly 634, the dying Abu Bakr nominated Umar as his peer.

Under Umar, the caliphate comprehensive at an unprecedented rate, seizure the Sasanian Empire and improved than two-thirds of the Hang-up Empire.

His attacks against honourableness Sasanian Empire resulted in loftiness conquest of Persia in cumbersome than two years (642–644). According to Jewish tradition, Umar crush aside the Christian ban link Jews and allowed them space Jerusalem and to worship.[4] Umar was assassinated by the Farsi slave Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz teensy weensy 644.

Umar is generally looked on by historians as one ransack the most powerful and leading Muslim caliphs in history.[5] Guarantee Sunni Islamic tradition, he interest revered as a just prince and a paragon of Islamic virtues,[6] with some hadiths class him as the second centre of the Sahabah after Abu Bakr.[7][8] However, he is regarded negatively in the TwelverShia tradition.[9]

Early life

Umar was born in Riyadh to the Banu Adi family, which was responsible for outcome among the tribes.[10] His cleric was Khattab ibn Nufayl added his mother was Hantama bint Hisham, from the tribe help Banu Makhzum.

In his juvenescence he used to tend take on his father's camels in distinction plains near Mecca. His tradesman father was famed for ruler intelligence among his tribe.[11] Umar himself said: "My father, al-Khattab, was a ruthless man. Sharptasting used to make me labour hard; if I didn't take pains he used to beat bungling and he used to drain me to exhaustion."[12]

Despite literacy glimpse uncommon in pre-Islamic Arabia, Umar learned to read and commit to paper in his youth.

Though shout a poet himself, he highlevel a love for poetry slab literature.[13] According to the ritual of Quraish, while still constrict his teenage years, Umar acute martial arts, horse riding become peaceful wrestling. He was tall, kith powerful and a renowned wrestler.[13][14] He was also a outstanding orator who succeeded his pa as an arbitrator among birth tribes.[15]

Umar became a merchant presentday made several journeys to Scuffle and Persia, where he report said to have met many scholars and analyzed Roman weather Persian societies.

As a retailer he was unsuccessful.[13][16] Like rest 2 around him, Umar was mushy of drinking in his pre-Islamic days.[17]

Early military career

Opposition to Islam

In 610, Muhammad started preaching birth message of Islam.

However, aspire many others in Mecca, Umar opposed Islam and even near extinction to kill Muhammad. He strongminded to defend the traditional heathen religion of Arabia. He was adamant and cruel in antipathetic Muhammad, and very prominent skull persecuting Muslims.[18] He recommended Muhammad's death. He firmly believed problem the unity of the Quraish and saw the new devoutness of Islam as a nudge of division and discord.[18]

Due trigger persecution, Muhammad ordered some nucleus his followers to migrate draw attention to Abyssinia.

When a small embassy of Muslims migrated, Umar became worried about the future consensus of the Quraish and persuaded to have Muhammad assassinated.[20]

Conversion get at Islam and service under Muhammad

Umar converted to Islam in 616, one year after the Retirement to Abyssinia. The story was recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah.

On his way to homicide Muhammad, Umar met his outperform friend Nu'aym ibn Abd God, who had secretly converted expel Islam but had not oral Umar. When Umar informed him that he had set affect to kill Muhammad, Nu'aym whispered, "By God, you have duped yourself, O Umar? Do jagged think that Banu Abd al-Manaf would let you run swerve alive once you had deal with their son Muhammad?

Why don't you return to your go bust house and at least ready to go it straight?"[21]

Nu'aym then told him to inquire about his unattached house, where his sister, Mohammedan bint Al-Khattab, and his brother-in-law had converted to Islam standing were taking lessons from Khabbab ibn Al-Aratt. Upon arriving excel her house, Umar found Islamist and her husband Saeed dismiss Zaid (Umar's cousin) reciting character verses of the Quran running off Surat Ta-Ha.[22] He started quarreling with Saeed and physically malodorous him.

When his sister came to rescue her husband, lighten up also started arguing with fallow. Yet still they kept toil saying "you may kill run of the mill but we will not teamwork up Islam". Sources differ reduce what happened next: While dire say that upon hearing these words, Umar slapped his sis so hard that she tegument casing to the ground, others allege Fatima was merely hit saturate accident and lost balance considering that trying to pull Umar weakening of Saeed.[23][24] In both cases, however, his sister began relax bleed from her mouth.

Overwhelm what he had done, Umar calmed down out of damnation and asked Fatima to emit him what she was performance. She replied in the prohibit and said "You are nonkosher, and no unclean person peep at touch the Scripture." He insisted, but his sister was scream prepared to allow him fulfil touch the pages unless type washed his body. Umar gain last gave in.

He clear his body and then began to read the verses dump were: Verily, I am Allah: there is no God on the other hand Me; so serve Me (only), and establish regular prayer arrangement My remembrance (Quran 20:14). Smartness wept and declared, "Surely that is the word of God. I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah".

On hearing this, Khabbab came out from where he was hiding inside and said: "O, Umar! Glad tidings for boss about. Yesterday Muhammad prayed to God, 'O, Allah! Strengthen Islam accomplice either Umar or Abu Jahl, whomsoever Thou likest.' It seems that his prayer has antediluvian answered in your favour."[25]

Umar commit fraud went to Muhammad with rank same sword he intended border on kill him with and public Islam in front of him and his companions.

Umar was 39 years old when subside accepted Islam.[26]

According to one tally, after his conversion to Muhammadanism, Umar openly prayed at picture Kaaba as the Quraish chiefs, Abu Jahl and Abu Sufyan, reportedly watched in anger. That further helped the Muslims contain gain confidence in practicing Muhammadanism openly.

At this stage Umar even challenged anyone who dared to stop the Muslims outlander praying, although no one dared to interfere with Umar conj at the time that he was openly praying.

Umar's conversion to Islam granted energy to the Muslims and round off the Islamic faith in Riyadh. It was after this episode that Muslims offered prayers unabashedly in Masjid al-Haram for excellence first time.

Abdullah ibn Masud said,

Umar's embracing Islam was our victory, his migration turn into Medina was our success, scold his reign a blessing use up Allah. We didn't offer prayers in al-Haram Mosque until Umar had accepted Islam. When purify accepted Islam, the Quraysh were compelled to let us offer a prayer in the Mosque.[28]

Migration to Medina

In 622 CE, due to justness safety offered by Yathrib (later renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or directly Medina), Muhammad ordered his escort to migrate to Medina.

Almost Muslims migrated at night fearing Quraish resistance, but Umar admiration reported to have left candidly during the day saying:[29][30]

"Any call who wants to make culminate wife a widow and rulership children orphans should come pole meet me there behind dump cliff."

Umar migrated to Medina attended by his cousin and brother-in-law Saeed ibn Zaid.[26]

Life in Medina

During Umar's reign as caliph Muhammad ibn Muslamah was assigned magnanimity office of Chief Inspector flawless Accountability.

Muslims remained in tranquillity in Medina for approximately topping year before the Quraish increased an army to attack them. In 624, Umar participated funny story the first battle between Muslims and Quraish of Mecca i the Battle of Badr. Relish 625, he took part plug the Battle of Uhud. Instructions the second phase of blue blood the gentry battle, when Khalid ibn Walid's cavalry attacked the Muslim end, turning the tide of armed conflict, rumours of Muhammad's death were spread and many Muslim warriors were routed from the field of battle, Umar among them.

However, take notice of that Muhammad was still be located, he went to Muhammad disparage the mountain of Uhud increase in intensity prepared for the defence racket the hill.[31] Later in integrity year Umar was a amount of a campaign against nobility Jewish tribe of Banu Depths. In 625, Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad.[32] Ulterior in 627, he participated renovate the Battle of the Depression and also in the Attack of Banu Qurayza.[33] In 628, Umar witnessed the Treaty marketplace Hudaybiyyah.[33] In 628, he fought in the Battle of Khaybar.

In 629, Muhammad sent Amr ibn al-A’as to Zaat-ul-Sallasal, funding which, Muhammad sent Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah with reinforcements, counting Abu Bakr and Umar, whereupon they attacked and defeated justness enemy.[34] In 630, when Muhammedan armies rushed for the triumph of Mecca, he was suggestion of that army. Later spiky 630, he fought in depiction Battle of Hunayn and leadership Siege of Ta'if.

He was part of the Muslim bevy that contested the Battle pay the bill Tabouk under Muhammad's command soar he was reported to be born with given half of his means for the preparation of that expedition. He also participated delight the farewell Hajj of Muhammad in 632.[35]

Death of Muhammad

When Muhammad died on 8 June 632 Umar initially disbelieved that bankruptcy was dead.[36] It is blunt that Umar promised to pound the head of any checker who would say that Muhammad died.

Umar said: "He has not died but rather inaccuracy has gone to his ruler just as Moses went, extant absent from his people seize forty nights after which closure has returned to them. Close to Allah, the messenger of God will indeed return just considerably Moses returned (to his people) and he will cut fish out the hands and legs be more or less those men who claimed significant has died."[30]Abu Bakr then frankly spoke to the community giving the mosque, saying:

"Whoever worshiped Muhammad, let them know renounce Muhammad has died, and whoever worshiped Allah, let them recall that Allah is alive at an earlier time never dies."

[37] Abū Bakr so recited these verses from righteousness Qur'an 3:144:

"Muhammad is nevertheless a messenger; messengers (the cherish of whom) have passed unforgivable before him.

If, then, crystalclear dies or is killed, drive you turn back on your heel?"

[37] Hearing this, Umar floor on his knees in dolour and acceptance. Sunni Muslims divulge that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by climax deep love for him.[36]

Foundation advance the caliphate

Umar's political capacity primary manifested as the architect fortify the caliphate after Muhammad dull on 8 June 632.[38] In the long run b for a long time the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged a group reminisce Muhammad's followers who were denizens of Medina, the Ansar (helpers), organised a meeting on goodness outskirts of the city, weighty locking out those companions overwhelm as Muhajirs (The Emigrants) together with Umar.[38] Umar found out value this meeting at Saqifah Bani Saadah, and, taking with him two other Muhajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, proceeded to the meeting, in all likelihood to head off the Ansars' plans for political separation.

Appearance at the meeting, Umar was faced with a unified accord of tribes from the Ansar who refused to accept depiction leadership of the Muhajirs.[38] Quieten, Umar was undeterred in coronate belief the caliphate should wool under the control of picture Muhajirs.[39] Though the Khazraj were in disagreement, Umar, after forced negotiations lasting one or link days, brilliantly divided the Ansar into their old warring factions of Aws and Khazraj tribes.

Umar resolved the divisions exceed placing his hand on go off at a tangent of Abu Bakr as copperplate unity candidate for those concentrated in the Saqifah. Others contempt the Saqifah followed suit, critical of the exception of the Khazraj tribe and their leader, Sa'd ibn 'Ubada, who were ostracized as a result.

The Khazraj tribe is said to enjoy posed no significant threat primate there were sufficient men stir up war from the Medinan tribes such as the Banu Aws to immediately organize them stimulus a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.[38]

Wilferd Madelung summarises Umar's contribution:

Umar judged the outcome of description Saqifa assembly to be clean falta [translated by Madelung bring in 'a precipitate and ill-considered deal'] because of the absence racket most of the prominent Muhajirun, including the Prophet's own kinship and clan, whose participation blooper considered vital for any position consultation (shura, mashwara).

It was, he warned the community, be selected for be no precedent for grandeur future. Yet he also defended the outcome, claiming that blue blood the gentry Muslims were longing for Abu Bakr as for no upper hand else. He apologized, moreover, put off the Muhajirun present were calculated to press for an imperative oath of allegiance since significance Ansar could not have bent trusted to wait for unembellished legitimate consultation and might suppress proceeded to elect one in shape their own after the break in routine of the Mekkans.

Another justification for Umar to censure prestige Saqifa meeting as a falta was no doubt its roiled and undignified end, as put your feet up and his followers jumped observe the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd bin Ubada in order denomination teach him a lesson, in case not to kill him, fetch daring to challenge the particular right of Quraysh to vital.

This violent break-up of goodness meeting indicates, moreover, that grandeur Ansar cannot all have antique swayed by the wisdom build up eloquence of Abu Bakr's enunciation and have accepted him chimpanzee the best choice for primacy succession, as suggested by Caetani. There would have been pollex all thumbs butte sense in beating up depiction Khazraji chief if everybody confidential come around to swearing commitment to Umar's candidate.

A great number of the Ansar, doubtlessly of Khazraj in particular, atrophy have refused to follow say publicly lead of the Muhajirun.

According dealings various TwelverShia sources and Madelung,[42][43] Umar and Abu Bakr esoteric in effect mounted a national coup against Ali at greatness Saqifah.[38] According to one model of narrations in primary profusion, Umar and Abu Bakr move back and forth also said to have submissive force to try to unexposed the allegiance from Ali lecturer his party.

It has back number reported in mainly Persian factual sources written 300 years following, such as in the Story of al-Tabari, that after Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent Umar with untainted armed contingent to Fatimah's dwelling where Ali and his celebrated are said to have collected. Umar is reported to suppress warned those in the Detached house that unless Ali succumbed study Abu Bakr, he would crush the House on fire[39][page needed] focus on under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate.

This variant of events, fully accepted mass Shia scholars, is generally forsaken by Sunni scholars who, gravel view of other reports wear their literature, believe that Kaliph gave an oath of amalgamation to Abu Bakr without harebrained grievance. But then other Sect and Shia sources say go wool-gathering Ali did not swear loyalty to Abu Bakr after government election but six months afterward after the death of emperor wife Fatimah putting into methodically al-Tabari's account.

Either way character Sunni and the Shia business both accept that Ali mat that Abu Bakr should maintain informed him before going insert the meeting with the Ansar and that Ali did insist allegiance to Abu Bakr.

Western scholars tend to agree wind Ali believed he had straighten up clear mandate to succeed Muhammad,[citation needed] but offer differing views as to the extent show use of force by Umar in an attempt to daunt Ali and his supporters.

Guard instance, Madelung discounts the conceivability of the use of group and argues that:

Isolated deed of use of force admit Ali and Banu Hashim who unanimously refused to swear nationalism for six months are as likely as not to be discounted. Abu Bakr no doubt was wise too little to restrain Umar from popular violence against them, well completing that this would inevitably push the sense of solidarity sharing the majority of Abdul Mannaf whose acquiescence he needed.

Ruler policy was rather not isolating Banu Hashim as far likewise possible.

According to Tom Holland, Umar's historicity is beyond dispute.[45] Break off Armenian bishop writing a ten or so after Qadisiyya describes Umar as a "mighty sovereign coordinating the advance of nobility sons of Ismael from honourableness depths of the desert".[45][46] Take it easy Holland writes "What added by far to his prestige, was turn his earth-shaking qualities as unmixed generalissimo were combined with excellence most distinctive cast of virtues.

Rather than ape the comport yourself of a Caesar, as grandeur Ghassanid kings had done, why not? drew on the example commemorate a quite different kind break into Christian. Umar's threadbare robes, king diet of bread, salt present-day water, and his rejection sustenance worldly riches would have reminded anyone from the desert reaches beyond Palestine of a really particular kind of person.

Monks out in the Judaean avail had long been casting bodily as warriors of God. Excellence achievement of Umar was find time for take such language to well-organized literal and previously unimaginable extreme."[45]

Abu Bakr's era

Due to the feeble political situation in Arabia[vague], Umar initially opposed military operations ruin the rebel tribes there,[citation needed] hoping to gain their relieve in the event of proscribe invasion by the Romans hovel the Persians.

Later, however, proscribed came to agree with Abu Bakr's strategy to crush integrity rebellion by force. By flourish 632 CE, Khalid ibn Walid had successfully united Arabia abaft consecutive victories against the rebels. During his own reign next, Umar would mostly adopt ethics policy of avoiding wars obscure consolidating his power in righteousness incorporated lands rather than stretching his empire through continuous warfare.[47]

Umar advised Abu Bakr to accumulate the Quran in the do of a book after Ccc huffāẓ (memorizers) of the Quran died in the Battle disregard Yamamah.[48]

Appointment as a caliph

Abu Bakr appointed Umar as his equal before dying in 634 CE.[49] Due to his strict don autocratic nature, Umar was clump a very popular figure centre of the notables of Medina give orders to members of Majlis al Shura; accordingly, high-ranking companions of Abu Bakr attempted to discourage him from naming Umar.[50][51] Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Umar his successor.

Umar was successfully known for his extraordinary selfcontrol, intelligence, political astuteness, impartiality, objectivity, and care for the poor.[52] Abu Bakr is reported redo have said to the august advisers:

His (Umar's) strictness was there because of my vagueness when the weight of Era will be over his fraternize he will remain no someone strict.

If I will remedy asked by God to whom I have appointed my heiress, I will tell him ramble I have appointed the outshine man among your men.[53]

Abu Bakr was aware of Umar's rigorousness and ability to succeed him. His was perhaps one only remaining the smoothest transitions of overwhelm from one authority to in the opposite direction in the Muslim lands.[54] Previously his death, Abu Bakr christened Uthman to write his prerogative in which he declared Umar his successor.

In his option he instructed Umar to keep on the conquests on Iraqi predominant Syrian fronts.[citation needed]

Caliphate

Initial challenges

Even conj albeit almost all of the Muslims had given their pledge signify loyalty to Umar, he was feared more than loved.

According to Muhammad Husayn Haykal, position first challenge for Umar was to win over his subjects and the members of Majlis al Shura.[55]

Umar was a talented orator, and he used government ability to improve his civilized among the people.[56]

Muhammad Husayn Haykal wrote that Umar's stress was on the well-being of primacy poor and underprivileged.[57] In resign from to this, Umar, in in turn to improve his reputation post relation with the Banu Hashim, the tribe of Ali, set at liberty to the latter his unnoticed estates in Khayber.

He followed Abu Bakr's decision over nobleness disputed land of Fidak, indestructible to treat it as return property. In the Ridda wars, thousands of prisoners from insurgent and apostate tribes were expressionless away as slaves during authority expeditions. Umar ordered a common amnesty for the prisoners, ahead their immediate emancipation.[58] This idea Umar quite popular among interpretation Bedouin tribes.

With the reasonable public support on his drive backwards, Umar took the bold opt of recalling Khalid ibn Walid from supreme command on character Roman front.[59]

Political and civil administration

The government of Umar was clean up unitary government, where the ruler political authority was the caliph.[citation needed] The empire of Umar was divided into provinces extract some autonomous territories, e.g., Azerbajdzhan and Armenia, that had nosedive the suzerainty of the caliphate.[citation needed] The provinces were administered by the provincial governors stigma Wali, personally and fastidiously select by Umar.

Provinces were mint divided into about 100 districts. Each district or main get was under the charge allude to a junior governor or Ameer, usually appointed by Umar ourselves, but occasionally also appointed bypass the provincial governor. Other organization at the provincial level were:

  1. Katib, the Chief Secretary.
  2. Katib-ud-Diwan, high-mindedness Military Secretary.
  3. Sahib-ul-Kharaj, the Revenue Collector.
  4. Sahib-ul-Ahdath, the Police chief.
  5. Sahib-Bait-ul-Mal, the Capital Officer.
  6. Qadi, the Chief Judge.

In set on districts there were separate brave officers, though the Wali was, in most cases, the Director of the army quartered seep in the province.[citation needed]

Every appointment was made in writing.

At righteousness time of appointment an tool of instructions was issued release a view to regulating say publicly Wali's conduct. On assuming organization, the Wali was required have round assemble the people in nobility main mosque, and read illustriousness instrument of instructions before them.[60]

Umar's general instructions to his workers were:

Remember, I have battle-cry appointed you as commanders viewpoint tyrants over the people.

Uncontrollable have sent you as dazzling instead, so that the ancestors may follow your example. Order the Muslims their rights be first do not beat them lest they become abused. Do howl praise them unduly, lest they fall into the error emulate conceit. Do not keep your doors shut in their tankard, lest the more powerful elder them eat up the weaker ones.

And do not act as if you were peak to them, for that testing tyranny over them.[citation needed]

Various vex strict codes of conduct were to be obeyed by character governors and state officials. Dignity principal officers were required resist travel to Mecca on loftiness occasion of the Hajj, textile which people were free dole out present any complaint against them.

In order to minimize position chances of corruption, Umar prefab it a point to compensate high salaries to the staff.[citation needed] Provincial governors received makeover much as five to cardinal thousand dirham annually besides their shares of the spoils make stronger war (if they were very the commander in chief lecture the army of their sector).[citation needed] Under Umar the control was divided into the multitude provinces:

  1. Mecca (Arabia)
  2. Medina (Arabia)
  3. Basra (Iraq)
  4. Kufa (Iraq)
  5. Jazira, in the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates
  6. Syria
  7. Iliyā' (إلياء) (Palestine)
  8. Ramlah (Palestine)
  9. Upper Egypt
  10. Lower Egypt
  11. Khorasan (Persia)
  12. Azerbaijan (Persia)
  13. Fars (Persia)

Umar was chief to establish a special arm for the investigation of flack against the officers of integrity State.

This department acted monkey the Administrative court, where greatness legal proceedings were personally granted by Umar.[61] The department was under the charge of Muhammad ibn Maslamah, one of Umar's most trusted men. In mo cases Muhammad ibn Maslamah was deputed by Umar to make a journey to the spot, investigate greatness charge and take action.

Now and then an Inquiry Commission was established to investigate the charge. Become occasion, the officers against whom complaints were received were summoned to Medina, and charged fashionable Umar's administrative court. Umar was known for this intelligence charter through which he made top officials accountable.[62] This service was also said to have expressive fear in his subjects.[63]

Umar was a pioneer in some affairs:

  1. Umar was the first be obliged to introduce the public ministry course of action, where the records of authorities and soldiers were kept.

    Yes also kept a record group for messages he sent call on Governors and heads of state.

  2. He was the first to establish police forces to keep domestic order.
  3. He was the first principle discipline the people when they became disordered.[64]

Another important aspect get on to Umar's rule was that earth forbade any of his governors and agents from engaging tab any sort of business relations whilst in a position distinctive power.

An agent of Umar by the name of Cooperation Harith ibn K'ab ibn Wahb was once found to hold extra money beyond his return and Umar enquired about potentate wealth. Al Harith replied drift he had some money dispatch he engaged in trade familiarize yourself it. Umar said: By God, we did not send command to engage in trade! deliver he took from him justness profits he had made.[65]

Canals

Since City, with a rapidly growing native land, was at risk of infinite famines when crops were absent, Umar sought to facilitate leadership import of grain.

He sequent the building of a emissary connecting the Nile to class Red Sea and an turn for the better ame of port infrastructure on integrity Arabian coast. When Basra was established during Umar's rule, misstep started building a nine-mile discpatcher from the Tigris to illustriousness new city for irrigation splendid drinking water.[66] Al-Tabari reports renounce Utba ibn Ghazwan built interpretation first canal from the River River to the site a number of Basra when the city was in the planning stage.[citation needed] After the city was form, Umar appointed Abu Musa Ashaari (17-29/638 – 650) as wellfitting first governor.[citation needed] He began building two important canals, high-mindedness al-Ubulla and the Ma'qil, federation Basra with the Tigris Course.

These two canals were prestige basis for the agricultural situation for the whole Basra locality and used for drinking distilled water. Umar also adopted a guideline of assigning barren lands union those who undertook to nourish them. This policy continued before the Umayyad period and resulted in the cultivation of very important areas of barren lands protected the construction of irrigation canals by the state and dampen individuals.[67]

Reforms

Main articles: Reforms of Umar's era and Covenant of Umar I

Under Umar's leadership, the luence expanded; accordingly, he began email build a political structure zigzag would hold together the limitless territory.

He undertook many managerial reforms and closely oversaw be revealed policy, establishing an advanced supervision for the newly conquered manor, including several new ministries spreadsheet bureaucracies, and ordered a poll of all the Muslim territories. During his rule, the emancipationist cities (amsar) of Basra alight Kufa were founded or expansive.

In 638, he extended extremity renovated the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) in Mecca and al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Mosque of the Prophet) in Medina.[citation needed]

Umar also spick-and-span the expulsion to Syria leading Iraq of the Christian be first Jewish communities of Najran mushroom Khaybar. He also permitted Judaic families to resettle in Jerusalem, which had previously been fastened from all Jews.[68] He conclude orders that these Christians pivotal Jews should be treated with flying colours and allotted them the tantamount amount of land in their new settlements.

Umar also forbade non-Muslims from residing in rank Hejaz for longer than tierce days.[69][page needed] He was first get closer establish the army as a-one state department.

Umar was originator of Fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence.[71] He is regarded by Sect Muslims as one of character greatest Faqih, and, as specified, he started the process disregard codifying Islamic Law.[citation needed]

In 641, he established Bayt al-mal, clever financial institution and started reference allowances for the Muslims.

Makeover a leader, Umar was say for his simple, austere way of life. Rather than adopt the grandeur and display affected by significance rulers of the time, put your feet up continued to live much monkey he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted.[citation needed] Referee 638, his fourth year little caliph and the seventeenth era since the Hijra, he settled that the Islamic calendar sine qua non be counted from the gathering of the Hijra of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina.

Visit to Jerusalem in 637 CE

Umar's visit to Jerusalem is referenced in several sources. A newly discovered Judeo-Arabic text has not public the following anecdote:[68]

"Umar ordered Gentiles and a group of Jews to sweep the area commuter boat the Temple Mount. Umar oversaw the work.

The Jews who had come sent letters be the rest of the Jews in Palestine and informed them that Umar had permitted transportation of Jerusalem by Jews. Umar, after some consultation, permitted lxx Jewish households to return. They returned to live in high-mindedness southern part of the area, i.e., the Market of rectitude Jews. (Their aim was pause be near the water pageant Silwan and the Temple Not very and its gates).

Then nobleness Commander Umar granted them that request. The seventy families feigned to Jerusalem from Tiberias skull the area around it be infatuated with their wives and children."

It is also reported in loftiness name of the Alexandrian Divine Eutychius (932–940 CE) that birth rock known as the Mosque Mount had been a alter of ruins as far weakness as the time of description Empress Helena, mother of Metropolis the Great, who built churches in Jerusalem.

"The Byzantines," lighten up said, "had deliberately left honourableness ancient site of the Mosque as it was, and esoteric even thrown rubbish on simulate, so that a great confusion of rubble formed." It was only when Umar marched interested Jerusalem with an army go off at a tangent he asked Kaab, who was Jewish before he converted rear Islam, "Where do you announce me to build a embed of worship?" Kaab indicated significance Temple Rock, now a giant heap of ruins from description temple of Jupiter.[72] The Jews, Kaab explained, had briefly won back their old capital shipshape and bristol fashion quarter of a century earlier (when Persians overran Syria reprove Palestine), but they had call had time to clear nobility site of the Temple, desire the Rums (Byzantines) had recaptured the city.

It was authenticate that Umar ordered the detritus on the Ṣakhra (rock) work stoppage be removed by the Nabataeans, and after three showers obey heavy rain had cleansed loftiness Rock, he instituted prayers wide. To this day, the warning is known as ḳubbat regret ṣakhra, the Dome of distinction Rock.

According to lexicographer King ben Abraham al-Fasi (died previously 1026 CE), the Muslim acquirement of Palestine brought relief look after the country's Jewish citizens, who had previously been barred beside the Byzantines from praying unification the Temple Mount.[73]

Military expansion

Main article: Military conquests of Umar's era

The military conquests were partially halted between 638 and 639 at hand the years of great scarcity in Arabia and plague show the Levant.

During his power the Levant, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, almost character whole of the Sassanid Iranian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbajdzhan, Armenia, Caucasus and Makran were annexed to the Rashidun Epoch. According to one estimate improved than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquests.[74] Previous to his death in 644, Umar had ceased all militaristic expeditions apparently to consolidate top rule in recently conquered Latin Egypt and the newly licked Sassanid Empire (642–644).

At rule death in November 644, dominion rule extended from present time Libya in the west be familiar with the Indus river in birth east and the Oxus string in the north.

Great famine

In 638 CE, Arabia fell hurt severe drought followed by natty famine. Soon after, the nest egg of food at Medina began to run out.

Umar clean caravans of supplies from Syria and Iraq, and personally guardianship their distribution. His actions blest countless lives throughout Arabia.[75] Depiction first governor to respond was Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, goodness governor of Syria and nonpareil commander of the Rashidun army.[76]

Later, Abu Ubaidah paid a remote visit to Medina and well-versed as an officer of peril management, which was headed by oneself by Umar.

For internally outcast people, Umar hosted a party every night at Medina, which according to one estimate, difficult to understand attendance of more than unmixed hundred thousand people.[77]

Great plague

While ravenousness was ending in Arabia, visit districts in Syria and Mandatory were devastated by plague.

To the fullest extent a finally Umar was on his moulder away to visit Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, governor disseminate Syria, who informed him stare at the plague and its excess, and suggested that Umar put in back to Medina. Umar tested to persuade Abu Ubaidah rear come with him to Metropolis, but he declined to tap his troops in that dense situation.

Abu Ubaidah died flimsy 639 of the plague, which also cost the lives compensation 25,000 Muslims in Syria. Abaft the plague had weakened, burden late 639, Umar visited Syria for political and administrative re-organization, as most of the past master commanders and governors had deadly of the plague.[78]

Welfare state

To print close to the poor, Umar lived in a simple ooze hut without doors and walked the streets every evening.

Name consulting with the poor, Umar established the first welfare assert, Bayt al-mal.[79][80][81] The Bayt al-mal aided the Muslim and non-Muslim poor, needy, elderly, orphans, widows, and the disabled. The Bayt al-mal ran for hundreds be more or less years, from the Rashidun Epoch in the 7th century inspect the Umayyad period (661–750) gleam well into the Abbasid vintage.

Umar also introduced a daughter benefit and pensions for description children and the elderly.[82][83][84][85]

Free trade

Local populations of Jews and Christians, persecuted as religious minorities settle down taxed heavily to finance significance Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, often aided Muslims to take over their effects from the Byzantines and Persians, resulting in exceptionally speedy conquests.

As new areas were fixed devoted to to the Caliphate, they too benefited from free trade, interminably trading with other areas do the Caliphate (to encourage business, in Islam trade is battle-cry taxed, but wealth is angle to the zakat).[88] Since ethics Constitution of Medina, drafted give up Muhammad, the Jews and magnanimity Christians continued to use their own laws in the Epoch and had their own judges.[89][90][91]

Assassination

Main article: Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz

In 644, Umar was assassinated by first-class Persian slave named Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz.

His motivation for nobility assassination is not clear, on the other hand medieval sources attribute it be acquainted with a tax dispute with her highness Arab master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba.

According to some historical accounts, Abu Lu'lu'a was a Zoroastrian plant Nahavand (Iran), though other celebrations describe him as a Christian.[94] A highly skilled joiner scold blacksmith,[95] Abu Lu'lu'a was maybe taken captive by his magician al-Mughira in the Battle constantly Nahavand (642) and subsequently helpless to Arabia, where he hawthorn also have converted to Islam.[96] Other historical sources report consider it he was rather taken in jail by al-Mughira in the Conflict of al-Qadisiyya (636), or roam he was sold to al-Mughira by Hurmuzān, an ex-Sassanid heroic officer who had been lay down for Umar as an counsellor after his own capture make wet the Muslims.[97] Although Medina was generally off-limits to the ʿajam (non-Arabs) under Umar's reign, Abu Lu'lu'a was exceptionally allowed slant enter the capital of influence early caliphate, being sent adjacent to by al-Mughira to serve dignity caliph.[98]

When al-Mughira forced Abu Lu'lu'a to pay a kharāj imposition of two dirhams a day,[99] Abu Lu'lu'a turned to Umar to protest this tax.

Nonetheless, Umar refused to lift greatness tax, thus provoking Abu Lu'lu'a's rage.[100] Although this is justness reason given by most consecutive accounts for Abu Lu'lu'a's calumny of Umar,[101]