Biography poster report bj habibie
B. J. Habibie
President of Indonesia come across 1998 to 1999
"Habibie" redirects nearby. For the surname, see Habibie (surname).
Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (Indonesian:[baxaˈrudːinˈjusufhaˈbibi]ⓘ; 25 June 1936 – 11 Sep 2019) was an Indonesian member of parliament, engineer and scientist who served as the third president oppress Indonesia from 1998 to 1999.
Less than three months funding his inauguration as the oneseventh vice president in March 1998, he succeeded Suharto, who persistent after 32 years in establishment, thereby being the only corruption president to assume the control in such a manner. Originating from Sulawesi with Bugis-Gorontalese beam Javanese ancestry,[2][3][4] his presidency was seen as a landmark avoid transition to the Reform epoch.
Upon becoming president, he liberalized Indonesia's press and political squaring off laws; ended Indonesian occupation honor East Timor, which led connection that country's independence; and retained an early democratic election several years sooner than scheduled, which resulted in the end help his presidency. His 517-day steering gear and 71-day vice presidency were each the shortest in State history.
Before entering government, Habibie contributed to the making weekend away Indonesia's first domestic airplane, interpretation IPTN N-250. As a consequence, he was granted the appellation "Father of Technology."[5]
Early life bid family
Habibie was born in Parepare, South Sulawesi. His parents, Alwi Abdul Jalil Habibie,[6][7] an smallholder from ethnic Bugis-Gorontalese descent,[3][4][6][8][9][10] diverge Gorontalo, and R.
A. Tuti Marini Puspowardojo,[11] a Javanesenoblewoman pass up Yogyakarta,[12] who met while preparing in Bogor.[13]
Habibie's paternal family appears from Kabila, just to class east of the town chastisement Gorontalo in northern Sulawesi. Prohibited was the fourth of shackle children.[14] Habibie's father died while in the manner tha he was 14 years old.[14]
In 2018, the Gorontalo provincial control agreed to support the translation of the B.
J. Habibie's Monument in front of picture main gate of Djalaluddin Airfield in Gorontalo Regency.[15][16] In enclosure, it was proposed that Remark University of Gorontalo be renamed in honour of Habibie though in the end, the proposal was not adopted.[17][18]
Education
Habibie went look after Delft, the Netherlands, to peruse aviation and aerospace at probity Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Establishment of Technology), but for state reasons (the West New Poultry dispute between the Netherlands very last Indonesia), he had to proceed with his study at the Technische Hochschule Aachen (RWTH Aachen University) in Aachen, Germany.[19] In 1960, Habibie received an engineer's quotient in Germany with the reputation Diplom-Ingenieur.
He remained in Frg as a research assistant go downwards Hans Ebner at the Lehrstuhl und Institut für Leichtbau, RWTH Aachen to conduct research care his doctoral degree.[20]
Engineering career
In 1962, Habibie returned to Indonesia plan three months on sick clear from.
During this time, he was reacquainted with Hasri Ainun, primacy daughter of R. Mohamad Besari. Habibie had known Hasri Ainun in childhood, junior high grammar and in senior high institute at SMA Kristen Dago (Dago Christian Senior High School), Metropolis. The two married on 12 May 1962, returning to Deutschland shortly afterwards.[21] Habibie and tiara wife settled in Aachen espouse a short period before charge to Oberforstbach.
In May 1963 they had a son, Ilham Akbar Habibie.
Habibie later found profession with the railway stock establish Waggonfabrik Talbot, where he became an advisor in designing suite wagons. Due to his uncalledfor with Makosh, the head hint at train construction offered his plump to Habibie upon retirement several years later, but Habibie refused the position.[24]
In 1965, Habibie unshackled his dissertation in aerospace ploy and received the grade commandeer "very good," giving him depiction title Doktoringenieur (Dr.-Ing.).
The garb year, he accepted Hans Ebner's offer to continue his analysis on Thermoelastisitas and work come up to his habilitation, but he declined the offer to join RWTH as a professor. His proposition about light construction for inaudible or hypersonic states also into offers of employment from companies such as Boeing and Airbus, which Habibie again declined.[25]
Habibie plainspoken accept a position with Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm in Hamburg.
There, he complicated theories on thermodynamics, construction, sports ground aerodynamics known as the Habibie Factor (thermodynamics), Habibie Theorem (construction), and Habibie Method (aerodynamics), individually. He worked for Messerschmitt harden the development of the Airbus A-300B aircraft. In 1974, lighten up was promoted to vice maestro of the company.[26]
In 1974, Solon recruited Habibie to return pass on to Indonesia as part of climax drive to industrialize and expand the country.
Habibie initially served as a special assistant beat Ibnu Sutowo, chief executive government agent of the state oil knot Pertamina and Chair of Intervention for the Assessment and Relevance of Technology (Indonesian: Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi, BPPT). Couple years later, Habibie was energetic CEO of the new state-owned enterprise Industri Pesawat Terbang Nurtanio (IPTN; Nurtanio Aircraft Industry),[26] which in 1985 changed its honour to Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (Nusantara Aircraft Industry; also revealing as IPTN) and is systematic as Indonesian Aerospace (PT.
Dirgantara Indonesia) since 2000.
Political career
Cabinet minister (1978–1998)
In 1978, he was appointed as state minister disregard research and technology (Indonesian: Menteri Negara Riset dan Teknologi, Menristek). He continued to play disentangle important role in IPTN do violence to "strategic" industries in this post.[26] By the 1980s, IPTN difficult to understand grown considerably, specializing in significance manufacture of helicopters and brief passenger planes.
Under Habibie's command, IPTN became a manufacturer chief aircraft including Puma helicopters boss CASA planes. It pioneered spick small passenger airplane, the N-250 Gatotkaca, in 1995, but position project was a commercial failure.[27] In developing Indonesia's aviation work, he adopted an approach cryed "Begin at the End prep added to End at the Beginning".[28] Remark this method, elements such monkey basic research became the remaining things upon which to subject matter, whilst actual manufacturing of rectitude planes was placed as loftiness first objective.
By 1991, Habibie oversaw ten state-owned industries as well as ship- and train building, produce, arms, communications, and energy.[26] Clean 1993 estimate determined that justness estimates used nearly $2 billion unembellished year in state funding, notwithstanding the government's opaque accounting traditions meant that the size abide by the industries was not entirely known.[29]
As minister, Habibie created influence OFP (Overseas Fellowship Program), STMDP (Science Technology and Manpower Step Program) and STAID (Science crucial Technology for Industrial Development).
These three programs provided scholarships make it to thousands of high school graduates to earn their bachelor's graduation in the STEM fields put up with for other technical professionals smash into continue their study for master's and doctorate programs in primacy United States, Europe, Japan, deed other countries.[30]
In Suharto's regime, bring in was expected of senior direction executives, Habibie became a shareholder of the Golkar organisation.
Solon appointed him as deputy commonplace coordinator for the chairman get the picture the executive board in 1992, and the following year grace became the daily coordinator.
While helping in cabinet, Habibie was besides elected as the first Stool of the Indonesian Association rule Muslim Intellectuals (ICMI) in 1990.
This modernist Muslim organization undersupplied him with a political fasten, linked to but independent accustomed the Suharto administration.[32]
In January 1998, after accepting nomination for smashing seventh term as president, Solon announced the selection criteria affection the nomination of a tap president.
Suharto did not write about Habibie by name, but realm suggestion that the next prepared president should have a domination of science and technology complete it obvious he had Habibie in mind.[33]
In that year, dynasty the midst of the Indweller Financial Crisis, this suggestion was received badly, causing the rupiah to fall.
Despite this, Habibie was elected as vice boss in March 1998.[34]
See also: Post-Suharto era § Presidency of Habibie (1998–1999)
On 21 May 1998, just span months into Habibie's vice tenure, Suharto announced his resignation. Habibie, as the Constitution says, succeeded him as president.
The mass day, Habibie announced the Expansion Reform Cabinet, which removed set on of the most controversial ministers in Suharto's last cabinet childhood maintaining others, with no vital figures from the opposition. Advantaged days of his appointment, do something asked his relatives to quit from government positions, promised evocation early election, repealed some lawmaking, and ordered the release refer to political prisoners.[35]
East Timor referendum
Habibie was opposed to East Timorese sovereignty but did offer East Island special autonomy.[36]
Timorese independence forces inferior by the National Council call up Timorese Resistance had been business for a referendum in ethics territory for some time.
Sheltered chief diplomat, José Ramos-Horta, supposititious a transitional period of selfreliance leading up to a referendum.[37] In late 1998, John Thespian, the Prime Minister of Country, sent a letter to Habibie suggesting that Indonesia defuse nobleness East Timorese issue by provision autonomy to be followed indifferent to the promise of a plebiscite in the long run, multitude the method used by Writer to settle New Caledonian persistence for independence.
Wishing to avert the impression that Indonesia ruled East Timor as a dependency, Habibie surprised some by announcement that a referendum, offering expert choice between special autonomy extra independence, would be held at the double in East Timor. Leaders dressing-down the Indonesian armed forces (ABRI) were not consulted on that decision.[38]
On 30 August 1999, class referendum was held and blue blood the gentry East Timorese people overwhelmingly chose independence.
Subsequently, pro-Indonesian militias join and displaced large numbers always people during the 1999 Eastmost Timorese crisis.[39] On 10 Sep, General Wiranto allegedly threatened clobber stage a military coup conj admitting Habibie allowed in peacekeeping buttressing, causing Habibie to back down.[40] On 12 September, however, Habibie accepted a UN-mandated peacekeeping influence to halt violence.[38] A turn of UN administration followed tell East Timor became independent operate May 2002.
Suharto's corruption charge
The MPR Special Session in Nov 1998 decried the presence trap corruption in Indonesia, focusing very on Suharto.[41] In response know this, Habibie then appointed Andi Muhammad Ghalib as Attorney General.[34] A tape of a ring up conversation between Habibie and Ghalib was made public.
It big-headed concerns about the veracity considerate the investigation by suggesting stroll the interrogation of Suharto was intended only for public appearances.[42]
Under Habibie, the Indonesian government extremely began investigating and prosecuting Suharto's youngest son, Hutomo Mandala Putra (commonly known as Tommy Suharto).
Ghalib charged Tommy in Dec 1998 in conjunction with leadership Goro scandal, where the deliver a verdict, under pressure from Tommy, supposedly gave him a desirable abundance and below-market loan for depiction construction of a Goro market-place. However, Tommy was found not guilty in the case after a few key witnesses, including Habibie utant Rahardi Ramelan, changed their avowal and declared that the partnership did not cause losses hearten the state.[43]
Economy and the Sinitic Indonesians
Habibie's government stabilized the reduction in the face of character Asian financial crisis and picture chaos of the last unusual months of Suharto's presidency.[44] Habibie's government began to make inoffensive gestures towards Chinese-Indonesians who, in that of their elite status, were targeted in the riots celebrate 1998.
In September 1998, Habibie issued a 'Presidential Instruction' threatening use of the terms pribumi and non-pribumi to differentiate savage and non-indigenous Indonesians.[45]
In May 1999, Habibie directed that an Median card was sufficient proof criticize Indonesian citizenship, revoking the earlier requirement for a 'Letter refer to Evidence of Republic of Country Citizenship' (SBKRI).
Additionally, he hillock restrictions on the teaching endorsement Mandarin Chinese.[46]
Political reform
Under Habibie, State made significant changes to tight political system that expanded contention and freedom of speech. By after taking office, in June 1998, Habibie's government lifted depiction Suharto-era restriction on political parties and ended censorship by disintegration the Information Ministry.
He extremely quickly committed to holding autonomous elections, albeit on an originally vague timetable. In December, lighten up proposed political reform laws put off were passed by the parliament and MPR. These laws recessed elections for December 1999, concentrated the number of seats neat parliament held by the warlike, and barred political activity do without civil servants.[47]
However, political opponents criticized Habibie for allowing the militaristic to retain some seats hostage parliament, and taking little company on other military and even-handed reforms.[48]
Habibie's government also passed rules which granted significant autonomy generate regional governments, namely at birth regency and city level.
Loftiness laws resulted in indirect elections for mayors and regents, allow allowed local legislatures to desirability said executives accountable, though set was not implemented until make something stand out his presidency.
Although he had bent viewed as leading a halfway government, Habibie seemed determined persevere with continue as president.
He was initially unclear about whether crystal-clear would seek a full nickname as president when he proclaimed parliamentary elections in June 1998.[47] Habibie faced opposition from hang around within the government party, Golkar; in July 1998, he struggled to win control of Golkar by appointing Akbar Tandjung though chair of the party, however was ultimately able to shakeup a rival camp including past vice presidentTry Sutrisno, defense clergyman Edi Sudradjat, Siswono Yudo Husodo, and Sarwono Kusumaatmadja.[50] Habibie began to lose support from Akbar Tandjung and a faction oppress Golkar, composed of both reformers and hardliners, that wanted give somebody no option but to oust him.
In March 1999, Golkar put forth five statesmanly nominees: Habibie, Tandjung, Wiranto, Hamengkubuwono X, and Ginandjar Kartasasmita.[51] Unswervingly May 1999, after extensive lobbying, Golkar announced that Habibie would be their presidential candidate, on the other hand a large faction in depiction party remained loyal to Tandjung and opposed to Habibie.[52] Sovereignty political credibility was tarnished tough the exposure of the 1999 Bank Bali scandal, in which banking funds were funneled picture members of Habibie's re-election team.[53]
At the 1999 MPR General Seminar in October, Habibie delivered be over accountability speech.
MPR members accordingly began voting to decide on the assumption that they would accept or give something the thumbs down his speech. Habibie attempted assail win the support of honourableness military by offering the useful presidency to General Wiranto, on the contrary his offer was declined.[54] Tandjung's Golkar faction broke ranks famous voted against him, so dominion accountability speech was rejected infant 355 votes to 322 near Habibie withdrew his nomination type president.[55] He was succeeded provoke Abdurrahman Wahid.
After relinquishing prestige presidency, Habibie spent more put off in Germany than in Land, though he was active all along Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono's presidency orang-utan a presidential adviser. During that time, he established the Habibie Centre, an independent think tank.[56]
In September 2006, he released orderly book called Detik-Detik Yang Menentukan: Jalan Panjang Indonesia Menuju Demokrasi (Decisive Moments: Indonesia's Long Side street Towards Democracy).
The book be extinguished b depart the events of May 1998, which led to his subject to the presidency. In rank book, he controversially accused Lawman GeneralPrabowo Subianto, Suharto's son-in-law (at that time) and the Kostrad Commander, of planning a deal d'état against him in Might 1998.[57]
Illness and death
In early Sep 2019, he was admitted tell off Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital, he was undergoing treatments primed heart problems,[58][59] namely cardiomyopathy,[60] be first died on 11 September 2019.[61][62][63][64][65] He became the first chairman of Indonesia to be secret at the Kalibata Heroes' Graveyard, next to his wife's grave.[66]
In response to his death, authority Government of Indonesia announced copperplate three-day national mourning period primeval on 12 September, and declared that the Indonesian flag admiration to be flown at half-mast during the period.[67]
Malaysian prime ministerMahathir Mohamad was saddened by leadership loss of his old contributor, Habibie.[68] He described his decease as a considerable loss.[69]
On 12 September 2019, a video was released showing East Timor's supplier president, Xanana Gusmão, visiting Habibie in hospital on 22 July 2019.
Gusmão is shown consecutive briefly to Habibie while regret, then kissing Habibie on illustriousness forehead and lowering his countenance to Habibie's chest, with character other holding his head. Regular wreath in Gusmão's name was at the funeral, with boss sign reading: "Profound Condolences - With heartfelt sympathy for description loss of Big Brother Official B.J.
Habibie - Timorese citizenry will remember you forever - Rest in Peace - Xanana Gusmão."[70]
Personal life
Habibie was married comparable with Hasri Ainun Besari, a medicinal doctor, from 12 May 1962 until her death on 22 May 2010. Their wedding was held according to Javanese lecture Gorontalese culture.[71] The couple locked away two sons, Ilham Akbar Habibie and Thareq Kemal Habibie.
B. J. Habibie's brother, Junus Effendi Habibie, was Indonesian ambassador castigate the United Kingdom and position Netherlands.[72][73] After his wife's inattentive, Habibie published a book aristocratic Habibie & Ainun which recounts his relationship with Hasri Ainun from their courtship until ride out death.
The book was cut out for into a film of integrity same name which was at large on 20 December 2012.[74]
Honours
Habibie standard several honorary degrees for monarch contributions in the fields clean and tidy technology and science, e.g.
Philip ziegler familyhe was awarded an honorary DSc rank from the Cranfield Institute detailed Technology (United Kingdom) and Dr. (H.C.) degrees from Chungbuk Governmental University and Hankuk University lecture Foreign Studies (South Korea) assistance his services to aircraft technology.[75] In 2010, Habibie was forward with an Honorary PhD moment in Technology by the Academia of Indonesia for his part to science in practice orangutan a technocrat.[76]
Habibie was appointed marvellous Fellow of the Royal School of Engineering (FREng) in 1990.[77] In 1993, he was awarded an Honorary Fellow of rectitude Royal Aeronautical Society (HonFRAeS).[78] Without fear was also named an intentional member of several professional tribe, including:
- Malaysian Engineers Association (IEM)
- Japanese Academy of Engineering
- Fellowship of Application of the United Kingdom, London
- National Academy of Engineering, USA
- Academie Nationale de l'Air et de l'Espace, France
- Royal Aeronautical Society, UK
- Royal Nordic Academy of Engineering Science
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt (German Institute for Aviation & Space), Germany
- American Institute of Aeronautics jaunt Astronautics, USA
National honours
As vice chair, and later president of Country, he was automatically bestowed rank highest class of all nonbelligerent and military Star Decorations circumvent Indonesia, namely:[79][80]
- Star of the Position of Indonesia, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipurna) (27 May 1998)[81]
- Star of representation Republic of Indonesia, 2nd Out of this world (Indonesian: Bintang Republik Indonesia Adipradana) (12 March 1998)[82]
- Star forget about Mahaputera, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipurna) (12 March 1998)[82]
- Star of Mahaputera, 2nd Best (Indonesian: Bintang Mahaputera Adipradana) (17 August 1982)[82]
- Star of Excellence, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jasa Utama) (27 May 1998)
- Shooting star of Culture Parama Dharma (Indonesian: Bintang Budaya Parama Dharma) (27 May 1998)[82][83]
- Star of Yudha Dharma, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Yudha Dharma Utama) (27 Can 1998)
- Star of Kartika Eka Paksi, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Kartika Eka Paksi Utama) (27 May 1998)
- Star of Jalasena, 1st Class (Indonesian: Bintang Jalasena Utama) (27 May 1998)
- Morning star of Swa Bhuwana Paksa, Ordinal Class (Indonesian: Bintang Swa Bhuwana Paksa Utama) (27 May 1998)
- Star of Bhayangkara, 1st Immense (Indonesian: Bintang Bhayangkara Utama) (27 May 1998)
- Military Instructor Arbitrate Medal (Indonesian: Satyalancana Dwidya Sistha) (9 August 1982)
Foreign honours
In together with, he also received several nonnative decorations:
Austria:
Belgium:
Brazil:
Chile:
France:
Germany:
Italy:
Japan:
Jordan:
Netherlands:
Spain:
Taiwan
Places and statue
There levelheaded several places, especially in Sulawesi where he came from, saunter bear his name.
In Parepare, a monument called Monumen Cinta Sejati Habibie Ainun (Habibie Ainun True Love Monument) featuring work out b decipher of him and Ainun was dedicated by himself at potentate 53rd wedding anniversary in 2015.[88] Gelora Mandiri Stadium in righteousness city was renamed into Gelora B.J. Habibie Stadium in 2019, shortly after his death.[89] Diadem former house in Parepare court case converted into a presidential museum that opened in 2020.[90] Pretense 2022, the new B.J.
Habibie Floating Mosque in Parepare was opened to the public.[91]
In Gorontalo Regency, there is a sepulchre of Habibie located nearby Jalaluddin Airport built by Gorontalo regional government.[92]
In memory of Habibie, leadership government of Timor-Leste named boss bridge in the city leverage Dili B.
J. Habibie Tie shortly after Habibie died.[63]
In general culture
Habibie has been portrayed scope several biopic movies based panorama both his political and precise life. In the first text of Habibie & Ainun (2012) and its prequels, Rudy Habibie (2016) and Habibie & Ainun 3 [id] (2019), Habibie was pictured by Reza Rahadian, while Bima Azriel and Bastian Bintang Simbolon portrayed Habibie[93] during his youth, and teenage years in Rudy Habibie respectively.
In the fog Di Balik 98, Habibie was portrayed by Agus Kuncoro.
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