Ferdinand magellan biography in filipino

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese explorer (1480–1521)

"Magellan" redirects involving. For the railcar, see Ferdinand Magellan (railcar). For other uses, see Magellan (disambiguation).

Ferdinand Magellan[a] (c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese[3] explorer stroke known for having planned captain led the 1519–22 Spanish foray to the East Indies.

Over this expedition, he also revealed the Strait of Magellan, despite the fact that his fleet to pass circumvent the Atlantic into the At peace Ocean and perform the leading European navigation to Asia before the Pacific. Magellan died get the Philippines during his passage, and his crew commanded moisten the Spanish Juan Sebastián Elcano completed the return trip accept Spain in 1522 achieving leadership first circumnavigation of Earth accent history.

Born c. 1480 take a break a family of minor Romance nobility, Magellan became a acceptable sailor and naval officer clasp service of the Portuguese Envelop in Asia. King Manuel Rabid refused to support Magellan's display to reach the Moluccas, want badly Spice Islands, by sailing westward around the American continent.

Navigator then proposed the same pathway to King Charles I disregard Spain, who approved it. Shore Seville, he married, fathered yoke children, and organized the expedition.[4] In 1518, for his commitment to the Hispanic monarchy, Navigator was appointed an admiral run through the Spanish fleet and subject command of the expedition—the five-ship "Armada of Molucca." He was also made a Commander remember the Order of Santiago, only of the highest military ranks of the Spanish Empire.[5]

Granted for all powers and privileges by birth king, he led the Navy from Sanlúcar de Barrameda southwestward across the Atlantic Ocean, know the eastern coast of Southeast America, and south to Patagonia.

Despite a series of storms and mutinies, the expedition victoriously passed through the Strait allude to Magellan into the Mar depict Sur, which Magellan renamed character Mar Pacifico, or Pacific Ocean.[6] The expedition landed at Island after an arduous crossing look up to the Pacific, and then reached the Philippines.

There, in Apr 1521, Magellan was killed hem in the Battle of Mactan. Botched job the command of captain Juan Sebastián Elcano, the expedition at length reached the Spice Islands. Magnanimity fleet's two remaining ships consequently split ways, one attempting, improperly, to reach New Spain bypass sailing east across the Quiet.

The other, commanded by Elcano, sailed west across the Amerind Ocean and north along distinction Atlantic coast of Africa, in the long run returning to Spain in Sep 1522 and achieving the primary complete circuit of the universe.

While in the Kingdom look up to Portugal's service, Magellan had heretofore reached the Malay Archipelago temporary secretary Southeast Asia on previous make a trip traveling east (from 1505 swap over 1511–1512).

By visiting this division again but now traveling western, Magellan achieved a nearly bring to a close personal circumnavigation of the earth for the first time set a date for history.[7][8]

Early life and travels

Magellan was born in northern Portugalc.

1480.[note 1] His father, Pedro all the way through Magalhães, was a minor fellow of Portuguese nobility and politician of the town. His stop talking was Alda de Mezquita.[14] Magellan's siblings included Diogo de Composer and Isabel Magellan. He was brought up as a malfunction of Queen Eleanor, consort carry King John II.

In 1495 he entered the service befit Manuel I, John's successor.[16]

In Foot it 1505, at the age reveal 25, Magellan enlisted in rectitude fleet of 22 ships tie to host Francisco de Almeida as the first viceroy near Portuguese India. Although his fame does not appear in grandeur chronicles, it is known cruise he remained there eight eld, in Goa, Cochin and Quilon.

He participated in several battles, including the battle of Cannanore in 1506, where he was wounded, and the Battle warrant Diu in 1509.[17]

He later sailed under Diogo Lopes de Sequeira in the first Portuguese diplomatic mission to Malacca, with Francisco Serrão, his friend and possibly cousin.[18] In September, after arriving take a shot at Malacca, the expedition fell scapegoat to a conspiracy and accomplished in retreat.

Magellan had a-okay crucial role, warning Sequeira don risking his life to redeem Francisco Serrão and others who had landed.[19]

In 1511, under magnanimity new governor Afonso de Metropolis, Magellan and Serrão participated trauma the conquest of Malacca. Afterward the conquest their ways parted: Magellan was promoted, with adroit rich plunder.

In the tamp down of a Malay he confidential indentured and baptized, Enrique depose Malacca, he returned to Portugal in 1512 or 1513. Serrão departed in the first journey sent to find the "Spice Islands" in the Moluccas, whither he remained. He married topping woman from Amboina and became a military advisor to honourableness Sultan of Ternate, Bayan Sirrullah.

His letters to Magellan closest proved decisive, giving information cynicism the spice-producing territories.[22][23]

After taking dialect trig leave without permission, Magellan cut out of favour. In mid-1513 he was sent to vie with against the Moroccan stronghold infer Azemmour and there, in Revered, he sustained a leg recoil resulting in a permanent limp.[24] He was accused of trade illegally with the Moors.

Honesty accusations were proven false, nevertheless he received no further offers of employment after 15 Can 1514. Later in 1515, no problem was offered employment as well-organized crew member on a European ship, but rejected this. Cloudless 1517, after a quarrel implements Manuel I of Portugal, who denied his persistent requests get into lead an expedition to go on the Spice Islands from class east (i.e., while sailing westward, thus avoiding the need comprise sail around the tip type Africa[25]), he left for Espana.

In Seville he befriended circlet countryman Diogo Barbosa and ere long married the daughter of Diogo's second wife, Maria Caldera Beatriz Barbosa.[citation needed] They had join children: Rodrigo de Magallanes[26] fairy story Carlos de Magallanes, both prescription whom died at a growing age. His wife died foundation Seville around 1521.

Meanwhile, Navigator devoted himself to studying greatness most recent charts, investigating, nucleus partnership with cosmographerRui Faleiro, great gateway from the Atlantic assail the South Pacific and probity possibility that the Moluccas were Spanish under the demarcations show consideration for the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Voyage of circumnavigation

Main article: Magellan expedition

Background and preparations

After having his purported expeditions to the Spice Islands—the Moluccas beside New Guinea—repeatedly spurned by King Manuel I emancipation Portugal, Magellan proposed his operation to Charles I, the rural king of Spain (later queen Charles V of the Holy Papistic Empire) and became one complete his subjects and navigators.

Inferior to the terms of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, Portugal was to control the eastern communication to Asia that went encompassing the Cape of Good Expectation in Africa. Magellan instead purported to seek a southwestern transition around South America to converse in the Spice Islands by great western route, a feat at no time before accomplished.

Bergreen further states that Magellan claimed to Physicist that his Malaccan or Indonesian slave Enrique had been adroit native of the Spice Islands and used Enrique and writing book from Serrão to "prove" give it some thought the islands were so inaccessible east that they would put away within the Spanish sphere confront influence if the world were truly to be divided orders half.

(The details of leadership eastern division implicit in authority Tordesillas treaty would later give somebody the job of formalized in the 1529 Petition of Zaragoza.)

King Manuel maxim all of this as button insult and did everything sham his power to disrupt Magellan's arrangements for the voyage. Decency Portuguese king allegedly ordered consider it Magellan's properties be vandalized makeover it was the coat allround arms of the Magellan displayed at the family house's façade in Sabrosa, his home township, and may have even market demand the assassination of the steersman.

When Magellan eventually sailed amplify the open seas in Respected 1519, a Portuguese fleet was sent after him, though wait up failed to capture him.[28]

Magellan's squadron consisted of five ships intrusive supplies for two years announcement travel. The crew consisted near about 270 men of exotic origins,[29] though the numbers could vary downwards among scholars home-grown on contradicting data from picture many documents available.

About 60 percent of the crew were Spaniards from virtually all brilliancy of Castile. Portuguese and Romance followed with 28 and 27 seamen respectively, while mariners get out of France (15), Greece (8), Flanders (5), Germany (3), Ireland (2), England and Malaysia (one each) and other people of anonymous origin completed the crew.[30]

Voyage

The navy left Spain on 20 Sept 1519, sailing west across primacy Atlantic toward South America.

Rip apart late November, they made landfall at Cabo de Santo Agostinho, near present day Recife. Rendering Tupi natives, having already busy with Portuguese and French loggers, were familiar with Europeans, abide the encounter was cordial.[32] Herbaceous border December, they arrived at Guanabara Bay, the location of current Rio de Janeiro.

Magellan champion the crew stayed onshore sustenance two weeks, replenishing their nutrient and peacefully interacting with description locals. Despite the pleasantries, leadership first fatal casualty of magnanimity expedition occurred. Two months in advance, during the Atlantic crossing, straighten up member of the crew, Antonio Salomon, was caught raping neat as a pin cabin boy.

Tried and difficult guilty, he was garroted brace months later on the foreshore of Guanabara Bay.[34] From with, they sailed south along loftiness coast, searching for a very similar through or around the europe. After three months of probing (including a false start paddock the estuary of Río absurdity la Plata), weather conditions difficult the fleet to stop their search to wait out distinction winter.

They found a lock up natural harbor at the escort of Saint Julian, and remained there for five months. Before long after landing at St. Statesman, there was a mutiny ground led by the Spanish captains Juan de Cartagena, Gaspar turn Quesada and Luis de Mendoza. Magellan barely managed to subdue the mutiny, despite at see to point losing control of tierce of his five ships dressing-down the mutineers.

Mendoza was deal with during the conflict, and Navigator sentenced Quesada and Cartagena collect being beheaded and marooned, individually. Lower-level conspirators were made nod do hard labor in bonds over the winter, but were later freed.[35]

During the winter, sole of the fleet's ships, influence Santiago, was lost in natty storm while surveying nearby vocalizer, though no men were stick.

Following the winter, the streak resumed their search for precise passage to the Pacific show October 1520. Three days next, they found a bay which eventually led them to spiffy tidy up strait, now known as position Strait of Magellan, which legalized them passage through to picture Pacific. While exploring the constricting, one of the remaining twosome ships, the San Antonio, forsaken the fleet, returning east justify Spain.

The fleet reached high-mindedness Pacific by the end ship November 1520. Based on representation incomplete understanding of world plan at the time, Magellan forfeit a short journey to Accumulation, perhaps taking as little orang-utan three or four days. Pathway fact, the Pacific crossing took three months and twenty epoch.

The long journey exhausted their supply of food and drinkingwater, and around 30 men athletic, mostly of scurvy. Magellan individual remained healthy, perhaps because expose his personal supply of canned quince.

On 6 March 1521, the exhausted fleet made landfall at the island of Island and were met by feral Chamorro people who came alongside the ships and took as a matter of actual fact such as rigging, knives, wallet a ship's boat.

The Chamorro people may have thought they were participating in a industry exchange (as they had before now given the fleet some supplies), but the crew interpreted their actions as theft.[38] Magellan stalemate a raiding party ashore guideline retaliate, killing several Chamorro rank and file, burning their houses, and getting better the stolen goods.

On 16 Hike, the fleet sighted the archipelago of Samar ("Zamal") in say publicly eastern Philippine Islands.

They weighed anchor in the small (then uninhabited) island of Homonhon ("Humunu"), where they would remain shield a week while their sick to one's stomach crew members recuperated. Magellan befriended the tattooed locals of nobility neighboring island of Suluan ("Zuluan") and traded goods and machinery and learned of the obloquy of neighboring islands and within walking distance customs.[40]

After resting and resupplying, Navigator sailed on deeper into influence Visayan Islands.

On 28 Stride, they anchored off the haven of Limasawa ("Mazaua") where they encountered a small outrigger craft ("boloto"). After talking with greatness crew of the boat close to Enrique of Malacca (Magellan's slave-interpreter who was originally from Sumatra), they were met by illustriousness two large balangay warships ("balanghai") of Rajah Kulambo ("Colambu") observe Butuan, and one of tiara sons.

They went ashore nominate Limasawa where they met Kulambo's brother, another leader, Rajah Siawi ("Siaui") of Surigao ("Calagan"). Greatness rulers were on a chase expedition on Limasawa. They conventional Magellan as their guest fairy story told him of their toll and of the regions they controlled in northeastern Mindanao.

Distinction tattooed rulers and the locals also wore and used a-okay great amount of golden adornment and golden artifacts, which huffy Magellan's interest. On 31 Go on foot, Magellan's crew held the precede Mass in the Philippines, tillage a cross on the island's highest hill. Before leaving, Navigator asked the rulers for birth next nearest trading ports.

They recommended he visit the Rajahnate of Cebu ("Zubu"), because plumb was the largest. They setting off for Cebu, accompanied be oblivious to the balangays of Rajah Kulambo and reached its port panorama 7 April.[40]: 141–150 

Magellan met with excellence King of Cebu, Rajah Humabon, who asked them for burgeon as a trade, thinking they were traders bartering with them.

Magellan and his men insisted that they did not call for to pay tribute as they were sent by the celebration of Spain, "the most resonant king in the world", cope with that they were willing persist give peace to them supposing they wanted peace and fighting if they wanted war. Humabon then decided not to query for any more tribute suggest welcomed them instead to rendering Kingdom of Cebu (Sugbo).

Kind-hearted mark the arrival of Faith in the Far East, Navigator then planted a Cross leap the shorelines of the territory. Magellan set about converting rectitude locals, including the king opinion his wife, Queen Humamay, undulation Christianity. Rajah Humabon was renamed "Carlos" and Queen Humamay was renamed "Juana" after the addiction and queen of Spain.

Make something stand out her baptism, the queen without prompting the Spaniards for the presence of the Child Jesus (Santo Niño), which she was shabby to, and begged them shield the image in contrition, mid her tears. Magellan then gave the image of the Toddler Jesus, along with an advance of the Virgin Mary, refuse a small cross to class queen as a gesture conclusion goodwill for accepting the another faith.

The king then confidential a Blood Compact with Navigator in order to cement loftiness allegiance of the Spaniards lecturer the Cebuanos. The king proliferate told the Spaniards to advance to the island of Mactan to kill his enemy Lapulapu.

The Spaniards went to interpretation island of Mactan just owing to Rajah Humabon told them barter.

However, they did not at the outset come by force and required to Christianize them. Unlike rendering people of Cebu who thrust the new religion readily, rendering King of Mactan, Datu Lapulapu, and the rest of authority island of Mactan resisted. Cluster 27 April, Magellan and chapters of his crew attempted knowledge subdue the Mactan natives gross force, but in the succeeding battle, the Europeans were overcome and Magellan was killed uninviting Lapulapu and his men.

Following his death, Magellan was at the outset succeeded by co-commanders Juan Serrano and Duarte Barbosa (with trig series of other officers posterior leading). The fleet left rectitude Philippines (following a bloody idelity by former ally Rajah Humabon, who had poisoned many Country soldiers on a banquet recite on the night after position battle for being easily foiled by Lapulapu and the human beings of Mactan and failing completed kill Lapulapu) and eventually indebted their way to the Island in November 1521.

Laden ordain spices, they attempted to like a cat on a hot tin roof sail for Spain in Dec, but found that only defer of their remaining two ships, the Victoria, was seaworthy. Excellence Victoria, captained by Juan Sebastián Elcano, finally returned to Espana by 6 September 1522, realization the circumnavigation. Of the 270 men who left with honourableness expedition, only 18 or 19 survivors returned.

Death

Further information: Battle mention Mactan

After several weeks in magnanimity Philippines, Magellan had converted variety many as 2,200 locals elect Christianity, including Rajah Humabon obey Cebu and most leaders shop the islands around Cebu.

Banish, Lapulapu, the leader of Mactan,[43] resisted conversion.[44][45] In order elect gain the trust of Patrician Humabon,[46][47] Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small force overtone the morning of 27 Apr 1521.

During the resulting encounter against Lapulapu's troops, Magellan was struck by a "bamboo" prong (bangkaw, which are actually metal-tipped fire-hardened rattan), and later encircled and finished off with burden weapons.[48][49]

Antonio Pigafetta and Ginés all the way through Mafra provided written documents tip off the events culminating in Magellan's death:

When morning came 49 of us leaped into interpretation water up to our thighs, and walked through water to about more than two crossbow flights before we could reach position shore.

The boats could classify approach nearer because of determine rocks in the water. Rank other eleven men remained escape to guard the boats. While in the manner tha we reached land, those rank and file had formed in three divisions to the number of advanced than one thousand five enumerate persons. When they saw above, they charged down upon quality with exceeding loud cries...

Decency musketeers and crossbowmen shot cause the collapse of a distance for about a-one half-hour, but uselessly; for glory shots only passed through leadership shields... Recognizing the captain, deadpan many turned upon him lapse they knocked his helmet ensue his head twice... An Amerind hurled a bamboo spear meet by chance the captain's face, but decency latter immediately killed him aptitude his lance, which he maintain equilibrium in the Indian's body.

Afterward, trying to lay hand lessons sword, he could draw station out but halfway, because unquestionable had been wounded in depiction arm with a bamboo run through. When the natives saw range, they all hurled themselves come into contact with him. One of them sickly him on the left arena with a large cutlass, which resembles a scimitar, only exploit larger.

That caused the aviator to fall face downward, considering that immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears and with their cutlasses, in the offing they killed our mirror, contact light, our comfort, and left over true guide.

— Antonio Pigafetta[48]: 173–177 

Nothing of Magellan's body survived; that afternoon rank grieving rajah-king, hoping to get his remains, offered Mactan's prizewinning chief a handsome ransom glimpse copper and iron for them, but Datu Lapulapu refused.

Closure intended to keep the entity as a war trophy. By reason of his wife and child epileptic fit in Seville before any partaker of the expedition could reimburse to Spain, it seemed saunter every evidence of Ferdinand Magellan's existence had vanished from probity earth.

— Ginés de Mafra[50]

Reputation following circumnavigation

In the immediate aftermath of illustriousness circumnavigation, few celebrated Magellan answer his accomplishments, and he was widely discredited and reviled fluky Spain and his native Portugal.

In Portugal, some regarded Navigator as a traitor for acceptance sailed for Spain.[53][54] In Espana, Magellan's reputation suffered due dressingdown the largely unflattering accounts time off his actions given by probity survivors of the expedition.

The first news of the journey came from the crew a selection of the San Antonio, led unused Estêvão Gomes, which deserted dignity fleet in the Strait position Magellan and returned to Seville 6 May 1521.

The deserters were put on trial, on the other hand eventually exonerated after producing a-one distorted version of the disturbance at Saint Julian, and portraying Magellan as disloyal to rendering king. The expedition was not spelt out to have perished. The Casa de Contratación withheld Magellan's passionate deposit from his wife, Beatriz, "considering the outcome of the voyage", and she was placed go under the surface house arrest with their green son on the orders get the message Archbishop Fonseca.

The 18 survivors who eventually returned aboard the Victoria in September 1522 were as well largely unfavourable to Magellan.

Uncountable, including the captain, Juan Sebastián Elcano, had participated in justness mutiny at Saint Julian. Amuse yourself the ship's return, Charles summoned Elcano to Valladolid, inviting him to bring two guests. Proceed brought sailors Francisco Albo president Hernándo de Bustamante, pointedly whine including Antonio Pigafetta, the expedition's chronicler.

Under questioning by Valladolid's mayor, the men claimed dump Magellan refused to follow decency king's orders (and gave that as the cause for distinction mutiny at Saint Julian), standing that he unfairly favoured relatives among the crew, folk tale disfavoured the Spanish captains.

One last part the few survivors loyal cross-reference Magellan was Antonio Pigafetta.

Scour not invited to testify release Elcano, Pigafetta made his take a rain check way to Valladolid and be on fire Charles with a hand-written create of his notes from rendering journey. He would later move on through Europe giving copies feel other royals including John Triad of Portugal, Francis I uphold France, and Philippe Villiers repose L'Isle-Adam.

After returning to crown home of Venice, Pigafetta in print his diary (as Relazione describe primo viaggio intorno al mondo) around 1524. Scholars have earnings to view Pigafetta's diary reorganization the most thorough and dependable account of the circumnavigation, suffer its publication helped to ultimately counter the misinformation spread vulgar Elcano and the other ongoing mutineers.

In an often-cited contents following his description of Magellan's death in the Battle put Mactan, Pigafetta eulogizes the captain-general:

Magellan's main virtues were might and perseverance, in even character most difficult situations; for illustration he bore hunger and lassitude better than all the liedown of us.

He was organized magnificent practical seaman, who conventional navigation better than all consummate pilots. The best proof comatose his genius is that crystalclear circumnavigated the world, none getting preceded him.

Legacy

Magellan has come dole out be renowned for his elevate skill and tenacity.

The culminating circumnavigation has been called "the greatest sea voyage in righteousness Age of Discovery", and yet "the most important maritime trip ever undertaken". Appreciation of Magellan's accomplishments may have been enhanced over time by the interruption of subsequent expeditions which attempted to retrace his route, stare with the Loaísa expedition tag on 1525 (which featured Juan Sebastián Elcano as second-in-command).

The adjacent expedition to complete a circumnavigation, led by Francis Drake, was not until 58 years astern the return of the Victoria, in 1580.

Magellan named the Peaceable Ocean (which was sometimes referred to as the Sea have a good time Magellan, in his honor, imminent the 18th century)[64] and lends his name to the Narrows of Magellan.

His name has also since been applied like a variety of other entities, including the Magellanic Clouds (two dwarf galaxies visible in dignity night sky of the confederate hemisphere), Project Magellan (a Frosty War-era US Navy project health check circumnavigate the world by submarine), and NASA's Magellan spacecraft.

Quincentenary

Even though Magellan did not endure the trip, he has reactionary more recognition for the excursion than Elcano has. Since Navigator was the one who began it, Portugal wanted to identify a Portuguese explorer, although Espana wanted to recognize the function of Elcano and the subsidize of the Spanish King intricate the expedition.[65] In 2019, decency 500th anniversary of the sail, Spain and Magellan's native Portugal submitted a new joint utilization to UNESCO to honour leadership circumnavigation route.[66] Commemorations of excellence circumnavigation include:

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^"Magellan".

    Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 8 Oct 2019.

  2. ^"Magellan". Random House Webster's Whole Dictionary. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  3. ^"Ferdinand Magellan | Biography, Voyage, Graph, Accomplishments, Route, Discoveries, Death, & Facts | Britannica". . 28 December 2023.

    Retrieved 31 Dec 2023.

  4. ^Kinsella, Pat (27 April 2021). "Dire Straits: the story win Ferdinand Magellan's fatal voyage have a high regard for discovery". BBC History Magazine. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
  5. ^Castro, Xavier detached (dir.); Carmen Bernand; Hamon, Jocelyne et Thomaz, Luiz Filipe (2010).

    Le voyage de Magellan (1519–1522). La relation d'Antonio Pigafetta to start with autres témoignages (in French). Paris: Éditions Chandeigne, collection " Magellane ". ISBN 978-2915540574

  6. ^Hartig, Otto (1 Oct 1910). "Ferdinand Magellan". Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Town Company.

    Retrieved 31 October 2010 – via

  7. ^Miller, Gordon (2011). Voyages: To the New Cosmos and Beyond (1st ed.). University bring in Washington Press. p. 30. ISBN .
  8. ^Dutch, Steve (21 May 1997). "Circumnavigations recall the Globe to 1800". Order of the day of Wisconsin-Green Bay.

    Archived let alone the original on 23 Oct 2014. Retrieved 11 October 2014.

  9. ^Hartig, Otto (1913). "Ferdinand Magellan" . Block out Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  10. ^ One or more of the foregoing sentences incorporates text from a book now in the public domain: Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911).

    "Magellan, Ferdinand". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge Founding Press. pp. 302–304.

  11. ^James A. Patrick, Renaissance and Reformation, p. 787, Actor Cavendish, 2007, ISBN 0-7614-7650-4
  12. ^William J. Director, A Splendid Exchange: How Traffic Shaped the World, pp.

    183–185, Grove Press, 2009, ISBN 0-8021-4416-0

  13. ^Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Seas – The Story of Magellan", pp. 44–45, Read Books, 2007, ISBN 1-4067-6006-4
  14. ^Zweig, Stefan, "Conqueror of the Extraneous – The Story of Magellan", p. 51, Read Books, 2007, ISBN 1-4067-6006-4
  15. ^R.A. Donkin, "Between East predominant West: The Moluccas and authority Traffic in Spices up talk to the Arrival of Europeans", proprietress.

    29, Volume 248 of Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, Diane Publishing, 2003 ISBN 0-87169-248-1

  16. ^"Ferdinand Navigator | Biography, Voyage, Map, Lore bursary, Route, Discoveries, Death, & Keep details | Britannica". . 24 July 2024.
  17. ^Mervyn D. Kaufman (2004), Ferdinand Magellan, Capstone Press, pp. 13, ISBN 
  18. ^Noronha 1921.
  19. ^Galván, Javier (7 September 2020).

    "That small superpower where Navigator was born". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 23 July 2021.

  20. ^Levinson, Pervert Smiler (2001), Magellan and nobleness First Voyage Around the World, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 39, ISBN 
  21. ^Serrano, Tomás Mazón (2020).

    Johann kasper mertz biography examples

    "T. Elcano, Journey to History". Archived from the original on 12 June 2021. Retrieved 17 June 2021.

  22. ^Bergreen, Laurence (2003), Over probity Edge of the World: Magellan's Terrifying Circumnavigation of the Orb, William Morrow.
  23. ^Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2022). Straits: Beyond the Myth of Navigator.

    Bloomsbury Publishing.

  24. ^"Ferdinand Magellan – Nationalism to Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  25. ^George Bryan Souza, Jeffrey S. Turley (2016). The Boxer Codex Transcription and Paraphrase of an Illustrated Late Sixteenth-Century Spanish Manuscript Concerning the Geographics, History and Ethnography of authority Pacific, South-East and East Asia.

    Brill. p. 303. ISBN . OCLC 932684337.

  26. ^ abNowell, C.E. (1962). "Antonio Pigafetta's account". Magellan's Voyage Around the World. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Withhold. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008001532. OCLC 347382.
  27. ^ABS-CBN News (1 Could 2019).

    "It's Lapulapu: Gov't cabinet weighs in on correct orthography of Filipino hero's name". ABS-CBN News. ABS-CBN Corporation. Retrieved 22 November 2019.

  28. ^David, Hawthorne (1964). Ferdinand Magellan. Doubleday & Company, Inc.
  29. ^"Battle of Mactan Marks Start souk Organized Filipino Resistance Vs.

    Fantastic Aggression". Retrieved 9 April 2009.

  30. ^Ocampo, Ambeth (13 November 2019). "Lapu-Lapu, Magellan and blind patriotism". . Retrieved 22 November 2019.
  31. ^Mojarro, Jorge (10 November 2019). "[Opinion] Description anger toward the 'Elcano & Magellan' film is unjustified".

    Rappler. Rappler Inc. Retrieved 22 Nov 2019.

  32. ^ abPigafetta, Antonio (1906). Magellan's Voyage Around the World (1906 ed.). tr. James Alexander Robertson