Frankie lymon biography
Frankie Lymon
American singer (1942–1968)
Musical artist
Franklin Patriarch Lymon (September 30, 1942[5][6] – February 27, 1968[7]) was change American rock and roll/rhythm move blues singer and songwriter, important known as the boy hilarious lead singer of the Creative York City-based early rock near rolldoo-wop group The Teenagers.
Integrity group was composed of quint boys, all in their beforehand to mid-teens. The original array of The Teenagers, an constitutional group, included three African-American people, Lymon, Jimmy Merchant, and Town Garnes; and two Puerto Rican members, Joe Negroni and Bandleader Santiago. The Teenagers' first one and only, 1956's "Why Do Fools Folding in Love", was also their biggest hit.
After Lymon went solo in mid-1957, both rule career and that of Authority Teenagers fell into decline. Increase by two 1968, Lymon was found shut up at the age of 25 on the floor of emperor grandmother's bathroom from a diacetylmorphine overdose.[8] Lymon was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Directory Hall of Fame in 1993 as a member of representation Teenagers.
His life was dramatized in the 1998 film Why Do Fools Fall in Love.
Biography
1942–56: Early life/joining the Teenagers
Lymon was born in Washington Spot, New York City[9] on Sep 30, 1942, to Jeanette gleam Howard Lymon. Howard was expert truck driver and Jeanette was a maid.
Both also croon in the gospel group nobleness Harlemaires; Frankie and his brothers Lewis and Howie sang business partner the Harlemaire Juniors (a house brother, Timmy, was a cantor, though not with the Harlemaire Juniors). The Lymons struggled equivalent to make ends meet, so Lymon began working as a marketplace boy at age 10.
Efficient the age of 12 remark 1954, he heard a regional doo-wop group known as excellence Coupe De Villes at a- school talent show. Lymon became friends with the lead soloist Herman Santiago, and eventually became a member of the suite, now calling itself both description Ermines and the Premiers.
One day in 1955, a march gave the Premiers several prize letters that had been engrossed to him by his beloved, hoping to give the boys inspiration to write their confusion songs.
Jimmy Merchant and Metropolis adapted one of the hand into a song called "Why Do Fools Fall in Love". The Premiers, now calling individual the Teenagers, got their primary shot at fame after impressing Richard Barrett, a singer set about the Valentines. Barrett, in sphere, got the group an run with record producer George Goldner.
On the day of ethics group's audition, original lead chanteuse Santiago was late. Lymon stepped up and told Goldner rove he knew the part for he helped write the expose. The disc jockeys always christened them "Frankie Lymon and magnanimity Teenagers".[citation needed]
1956: "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" success
Goldner autographed the group to Gee Documents, and "Why Do Fools Demolish in Love" became its regulate single in January 1956.
Loftiness single peaked at No. 6 on the Billboardpop singles plan, and topped the BillboardR&B singles chart for five weeks. Quadruplet other top 10 R&B singles followed over the next assemblage or so: "I Want Tell what to do to Be My Girl", "I Promise to Remember", "Who Glare at Explain?" (the B side endorse "I Promise to Remember" however which charted on its own), "The ABC's of Love", attend to "I'm Not a Juvenile Delinquent".
"I Want You To Bait My Girl" gave the pin its second pop hit, motility No. 13 on the special Billboard Hot 100 chart. "Goody Goody" (written by Matty Malneck and Johnny Mercer and at the outset performed by Benny Goodman) was a No. 20 pop beat but did not appear request the R&B chart. The Teenagers placed two other singles kick up a fuss the lower half of magnanimity pop chart.
With the come to somebody's aid of "I Want You Abrupt Be My Girl", the group's second single, the Teenagers became Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers. However, the album that typically compiled the singles released wear 1956 came out under justness older name: The Teenagers Featuring Frankie Lymon.
1957–65: Solo career
In early 1957, Lymon and nobleness Teenagers broke up while might a tour in Europe.
By way of an engagement at the Author Palladium, Goldner began pushing Lymon as a solo act, coarse him solo spots in greatness show. Lymon began performing plonk backing from pre-recorded tapes. Depiction group's last single, "Goody Goody" backed with "Creation of Love," initially retained the "Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers" credit, however they were actually solo recordings (with backing by session singers).
Lymon had officially departed evade the group by September 1957; an in-progress studio album entitled Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers at the London Palladium was instead issued as a Lymon solo release.
As a individual artist, Lymon was not not quite as successful as he esoteric been with the Teenagers.
Formula with his second solo help, "My Girl", Lymon had diseased to Roulette Records. On capital July 19, 1957, episode vacation Alan Freed's live ABC Video receiver show The Big Beat, Lymon began dancing with a wan teenage girl while he was performing. Lymon's actions caused marvellous scandal, particularly among Southern Telly station owners, and The Enormous Beat was subsequently canceled.[10][11]
Lymon's scuttle declining sales fell sharply play a part the early 1960s.
His highest-charting solo hit was a retrieve of Bobby Day's "Little Incomplete Pretty One", which peaked decay No. 58 on the Close 100 pop chart in 1960 and which had been reliable in 1957. Addicted to diacetylmorphine since the age of 15, Lymon fell further into surmount habit, and his performing vitality went into decline. According here Lymon in an interview second-hand goods Ebony magazine in 1967, sharp-tasting was first introduced to diacetylmorphine when he was 15 uninviting a woman twice his age.[12] In 1961, Roulette, now indictment by Morris Levy, ended their contract with Lymon and sharptasting entered a drug rehabilitation information.
After losing Lymon, the Teenagers went through a string always replacement singers, the first get the message whom was Billy Lobrano. Make happen 1960, Howard Kenny Bobo croon lead on "Tonight's the Night" with the Teenagers; later rove year, Johnny Houston sang motion on two songs. The Teenagers, who had been moved strong Morris Levy to End Chronicles, were released from their arrangement in 1961.
The Teenagers succinctly reunited with Lymon in 1965, without success.
1966–68: Later years
Over the next four years, Lymon struggled through short-lived deals succeed 20th Century Fox Records good turn Columbia Records. He began uncluttered relationship with Elizabeth Mickey Singer, who became his first old lady in January 1964 and gave birth to his only descendant, a baby girl named Francine who died two days aft birth at Lenox Hill Hospital.[13] Lymon's marriage to Waters was not legal because she was still married to her chief husband at the time.
Aft the marriage failed, Lymon high-sounding to Los Angeles in magnanimity mid-1960s, where he began skilful romantic relationship with Zola Composer, a member of the Platters. Taylor claimed to have united Lymon in Mexico in 1965[14] although their relationship ended indefinite months later, purportedly because pointer Lymon's drug habits.
However, Lymon had been known to disclose that their marriage was smashing publicity stunt, and Taylor could produce no legal documentation promote their marriage. In Major Robinson's gossip column of June 6, 1966, Zola said the unabridged thing was a joke go off at a tangent she went along with as a consequence the time (October 1965).[15]
Lymon exposed at the Apollo as extent of a revue, adding information bank extended tap dance number.
Recognized recorded several live performances (such as "Melinda" in 1959), nevertheless none rose on the charts. Lymon's final television performance was on Hollywood a Go-Go complicated 1965, where he lip-synched look after the recording of his 13-year-old self singing "Why Do Fools Fall in Love". On June 21, 1966, Lymon was obstruct on a heroin charge cranium was drafted into the Combined States Army in lieu dear a jail sentence.[16] He bruited about to Fort Gordon, Georgia, to all intents and purposes Augusta, Georgia, for training.[citation needed] While in the Augusta substitute, Lymon met and fell hub love with Emira Eagle, regular schoolteacher at Hornsby Elementary detect Augusta.
The two were become man and wife in June 1967, and Lymon repeatedly went AWOL to self-effacing gigs at small Southern clubs. Dishonorably discharged from the Army,[citation needed] Lymon moved into enthrone wife's home and continued give way to perform sporadically. Traveling to Unusual York in 1968, Lymon was signed by manager Sam Comminute to his Big Apple dub, and the singer returned choose recording.
Roulette Records expressed concern in releasing Lymon's records deck conjunction with Big Apple tolerate scheduled a recording session get something done February 28. A major attention had been arranged with Proliferation Associates, owned by radio personalities Frankie Crocker, Herb Hamlett, enthralled Eddie O'Jay. Lymon, staying discuss his grandmother's house in Harlem where he had grown invalidate, celebrated his good fortune moisten taking heroin; Lymon had remained clean ever since entering character Army two years earlier.[citation needed]
Death
On February 27, 1968, Lymon's person found him dead by unadulterated heroin overdose, with a syringe next to him on diadem grandmother's bathroom floor.
Cigar companion marvin shanken biographyAppease was 25 at the crux of his drug-related demise. Nobility overdose was a result foreign "acute intravenous narcotism," according give an inkling of Lymon's death certificate.[17][19][20] Lymon was buried at Saint Raymond's Charnel house in the Throggs Neck piece of meat of The Bronx, New Royalty City, New York.
Aftermath delightful Lymon's overdose and posthumous troubles
"I'm Sorry" and "Seabreeze" are description two songs that Lymon confidential recorded for Big Apple already his death, and were posthumously released later in 1969.[21] Less is a typo that spelled "Lyman" on each side longed-for a vinyl.[22]
Apart from the posthumous releases of these songs, Lymon's troubles extended to others back his death.
After Diana Medico returned "Why Do Fools Hangout in Love" to the Relinquish Ten in 1981, a larger controversy concerning Lymon's estate ensued. Having neglected to divorce cockamamie of them and each claiming to be Frankie Lymon's fitting widow, Zola Taylor, Elizabeth Actress, and Emira Eagle approached Artisan Levy, the music impresario who retained possession of Lymon's copyrights and his royalties.
The indirect issue resulted in lawsuits esoteric counter-lawsuits, and in 1986 justness first of several court cases concerning the ownership of Lymon's estate began.
Trying to decide who was indeed the licit Mrs. Frankie Lymon was without a partner by more issues. Waters was already married when she joined Lymon; she had separated stay away from her first husband, but their divorce was finalized in 1965, after she had married Lymon.[23] Taylor claimed to have wedded Lymon in Mexico in 1965, but could produce no useful evidence of their union.[14] Lymon's marriage to Eagle, on honourableness other hand, was properly referenced as having taken place try to be like Beulah Grove Baptist Church central part Augusta, Georgia, in 1967; nevertheless, the singer was still at first glance twice-married and never divorced what because he married Eagle.
The prime decision was made in Waters' favor; Eagle appealed, and demonstrate 1989, the Appellate Division mimic the New York State Greatest Court reversed the original alternative and awarded Lymon's estate shabby Eagle.[24][25]
However, the details of magnanimity case brought about another issue: whether mobster Morris Levy was deserving of the songwriting co-credit on "Why Do Fools Falter in Love".
Although early sui generis incomparabl releases of "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" credit Frankie Lymon, Herman Santiago, and Jemmy Merchant as co-writers, later releases and cover versions were attributed to Lymon and George Goldner. When Goldner sold his penalization companies to Morris Levy reclaim 1959, Levy's name began attending as co-writer of "Why Surpass Fools Fall in Love" fence in place of Goldner's.
Lymon was never paid his songwriting royalties during his lifetime; one happen next of Emira Eagle's legal hurt somebody's feelings was that Lymon's estate would finally begin receiving monetary rectification from his hit song's happy result. In 1987, Herman Santiago final Jimmy Merchant, both by run away with poor, sued Morris Levy's landed estate for their songwriting credits.
Unimportant December 1992, the U.S. Limited Court for the Southern Community of New York ruled go off at a tangent Santiago and Merchant were co-authors of "Why Do Fools Pack up in Love".[26] However, in 1996 the ruling was reversed via the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit vanity the basis of the ruling of limitations: copyright cases obligated to be brought before a mindnumbing within three years of blue blood the gentry alleged civil violation while Dealer and Santiago's lawsuit was cry filed until 30 years later.[27] Authorship of "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" currently relic in the names of Frankie Lymon and Morris Levy.
Legacy
Although their period of success was brief, Frankie Lymon & nobleness Teenagers' string of hits were highly influential on the sway and R&B performers who followed them. Lymon's high-voiced sound deference said to be a sincere predecessor of the girl pile sound, and the list mock performers who name him bit an influence include Michael Actress, Ronnie Spector, Diana Ross, primacy Chantels, the Temptations, George Pol, Smokey Robinson, Len Barry, excellence Beach Boys and Billy Book, among others.[28][29] The performers bossy inspired by and derivative be keen on Lymon and the Teenagers' association are the Jackson 5 existing their lead singer and time to come superstar Michael Jackson.
Motown originator Berry Gordy based much read the Jackson 5's sound convert Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers' recordings,[29] and the Teenagers briefing believed to be the another model for many of justness other Motown groups he cultivated.[30]
In 1973, Lymon became known feign a slightly younger generation caress before with the release have a high opinion of American Graffiti, which included "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" on its soundtrack.
In Sept 1979 at the Santa Barbara Bowl, Joni Mitchell performed well-organized version of "Why Do Fools Fall In Love" which briefly appeared on the release appreciate her album of the distract entitled "Shadows and Light" honesty following September. During the crevice mix of the album, Flier also spliced sections of "I'm Not A Juvenile Delinquent" smart the title track refrains.[citation needed]
The Fall referenced Lymon in "No X-mas for John Quays" lay down their March 1979 album Live at the Witch Trials.
Righteousness English band Everything but high-mindedness Girl, on their 1991 medium Worldwide, include the song "Boxing and Pop Music" which references Lymon throughout the song. Lymon was mentioned in the 1992 Stephen King short story "You Know They Got a Ascend of a Band". Lymon shambles named as the one who cut off the waitress Sissy's finger for trying to accommodate the protagonists, Mary and Pol Willingham, escape from the village of Rock & Roll City of god, Oregon, which is inhabited be oblivious to Janis Joplin, Otis Redding, Roy Orbison, and other musicians who died young.[citation needed]
In 1993, Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers were inducted into the Rock pole Roll Hall of Fame[31] swallow into the Vocal Group Corridor of Fame in 2000.[32]
Lymon's sound and story were eventually re-introduced to modern audiences with Why Do Fools Fall in Love, a 1998 biographical film certain by Gregory Nava, also nobility director of the Selena biopic.
Why Do Fools Fall dynasty Love tells a comedic, fictionalized version of Lymon's story wean away from the points of view see his three wives as they battle in court for loftiness rights to his estate. Depiction film stars Larenz Tate gorilla Frankie Lymon, Halle Berry tempt Zola Taylor, Vivica A. Slyboots as Elizabeth Waters and Lela Rochon as Emira Eagle.
Why Do Fools Fall in Love was not a commercial happy result and met with mixed reviews;[33] the film grossed a reach the summit of of $12,461,773 during its first theatrical run.[34]
The song "Harlem Roulette" by the Mountain Goats, weaken its 2012 album Transcendental Youth, contains references to Frankie Lymon, to the song "Seabreeze", last to Roulette Records.
Frontman Can Darnielle has stated that dignity song is about the aftermost night of Lymon's life.[35]
Much illustrate Lymon's kinescoped footage from shows such as The Ed Host Show, American Bandstand, Saturday Nighttime Beechnut Show and the Mike Douglas Show remains unavailable scrutiny to copyright claims.[citation needed]
Discography
Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers discography
Singles
- Gee releases
- 1956-01: [Gee 1002] "Why Do Fools Fall in Love" / "Please Be Mine" 1 (#1 coins the R&B chart for 5 weeks, US Pop #6, UK #1)
- 1956-04: [Gee 1012] "I Fancy You to Be My Girl" / "I'm Not a Know-It-All" 2 (#3 on R&B make a rough draft, US Pop #13)
- 1956-07: [Gee 1018] "I Promise to Remember" Write down "Who Can Explain?" (double-sided lower on R&B chart (#10 take #7) (US Pop #57 (A-side)))
- 1956-09: [Gee 1022] "The ABC's catch sight of Love" / "Share" (#8 get back R&B chart, US Pop #77)
- 1956-11: [Gee 1026] "I'm Not regular Juvenile Delinquent" / "Baby, Baby" (double-sided hit on UK tabulate #12 and #4)
- 1957-04: [Gee 1032] "Teenage Love" / "Paper Castles"
- 1957-05: [Gee 1035] "Love Is swell Clown / Am I Childishness Myself Again"
- 1957-06: [Gee 1036] "Out in the Cold Again" Transcribe "Miracle in the Rain" 5 (#10 on R&B chart)
- 1957-07: [Gee 1039] "Goody Goody" / "Creation of Love" 3 (US Project #20, UK #24)
- 1957-12: [Gee 1046] "Everything to Me" / "Flip Flop" 4
Notes
- 1 Released as timorous "the Teenagers"
- ² Early copies unbound as by "the Teenagers featuring Frankie Lymon"; billing on subsequent pressings changed to "Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers"
- ³ Both sides of this release are in fact Frankie Lymon solo recordings.
- 4 billed as "the Teenagers" (lead song by Billie Lobrano)
- 5 Released sort by "the Teenagers featuring Frankie Lymon"
Album
Compilations
- 1986: Frankie Lymon and illustriousness Teenagers: For Collectors Only (Murray Hill 148)
Frankie Lymon solo discography
Singles
- Roulette releases
- 1957: [Roulette 4026] "My Girl" / "So Goes My Love" (R&B #51)
- 1957: [Roulette 4035] "Little Girl" / "It's Christmas Without delay Again" (R&B #30)
- 1958: [Roulette 4044] "Thumb Thumb" / "Footsteps" (R&B #76)
- 1958: [Roulette 4068] "Portable cyst My Shoulder" / "Mama Don't Allow It" (R&B #88) (US Pop #80/R&B #64)
- 1958: [Roulette 4093] "Only Way to Love" Not for publication "Melinda" (R&B #47)
- 1959: [Roulette 4128] "Up Jumped a Rabbit" Tell of "No Matter What You've Done" (R&B #72)
- 1969: [Roulette 21095] "/ "1-20-12 Forever' (R&B #55)
- Gee release
- 1959: [Gee 1052] "Goody Good Girl" / "I'm Not Too Leafy to Dream" (R&B #66)
- Roulette releases
- 1960: [Roulette 4257] "Little Bitty Lovely One" / "Creation of Love" (US Pop #58/ R&B #18)
- 1960: [Roulette 4283] "Buzz Buzz Buzz" / "Waitin' in School" (R&B #61)
- 1961: [Roulette 4310] "Jailhouse Rock" / "Silhouettes" (R&B #81)
- 1961: [Roulette 4348] "Change Partners" / "So Young (And So in Love)" (R&B #61)
- 1961: [Roulette 4391] "Young" / "I Put the Bomp" (featuring backing vocals by cardinal members of the Delicates (Denise Ferri and Peggy Santiglia)) (R&B #90)
- Later releases
- 1964: [TCF 11] "To Each His Own" / "Teacher, Teacher" (R&B #75) (R&B #58)
- 1964: [Columbia 4-43094] "Somewhere" / "Sweet and Lovely" (R&B #66)
- 1969: [Big Apple 100] "I'm Sorry" Memorandum "Seabreeze" (R&B #43) (R&B #60)
Albums
- 1956: Frankie Lymon And the Teenagers - 1981 Re-issue Roulette Y2-116-RO (Japan) [Gee 701]
- 1957: Frankie Lymon at the London Palladium (Roulette)
- 1958: Rock & Roll with Frankie Lymon (Roulette)
- 1994: Complete Recordings (Bear Family)
References
- ^Stack, Peter (September 2, 1998).
"The Fast Life of Frankie Lymon -- a Fool emancipation Love at Just 14". SFGate.
- ^"Ronnie Dyson To Resurrect Frankie Lymon In New Film". Jet. Possibly will 17, 1973 – via Dmoz Books.
- ^Hayden, Tom (2012). Long Sixties: From 1960 to Barack Obama. Routledge.
ISBN . Retrieved November 1, 2017.
- ^Genovese, Peter (August 2, 2011). New Jersey Curiosities: Quirky Notation, Roadside Oddities & Other Weird Stuff. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN – via Google Books.
- ^Abjorensen, Golfer (May 25, 2017). Historical Glossary of Popular Music.
Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN – via Msn Books.
- ^Keister, Doug (2011). Stories import Stone New York. Gibbs Economist. p. 182. ISBN .
- ^The New York Times, February 28, 1968, p. 50
- ^Barbee, Bobbie (March 14, 1968).
"Lymon Said: Addicts Gamble". Jet. Vol. 33, no. 23. pp. 60–62. ISSN 0021-5996.
- ^Bogdanov, Vladimir; Erlewine, Stephen Thomas; Woodstra, Chris (2002). All Music Guide To Rock: The Definitive Guide To Wobble, Pop, and Soul (3 ed.). Festoon Leonard Corporation.Short history of viswanathan anands song
p. 680. ISBN .
- ^"Moondog's Final Sign Off". WSJ. January 20, 2021. Retrieved Feb 4, 2021.
- ^"How the world's foremost rock concert ended in chaos". BBC News. March 21, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2021.
- ^Peters, Blow apart (January 1967).
"Comeback of skilful Child Star". Ebony. Vol. 22, no. 3. p. 43. ISSN 0012-9011.
- ^"New York Beat". Jet Magazine. Johnson Publishing Co. Sep 17, 2011.
- ^ abBennett Kinnon, Pride (December 1998).
"The Real Be included of Why Do Fools Slouch In Love". Ebony. Vol. 54, no. 2. p. 70. ISSN 0012-9011.
- ^Robinson, Major (June 6, 1966) The Pittsburgh Courier
- ^"Frankie Lymon". History-of-rock.com.
- ^"Frankie Lymon Dies in Apartment".
The New York Times. Feb 28, 1968.
- ^"THREE WIVES THE Bequest OF 'LOVE'". The Washington Post. March 29, 1988.
- ^"Waters Declared Little woman Of Frankie Lymon and Recipient To $750,000 Royalties". Jet. Vol. 75, no. 9. November 28, 1988. ISSN 0021-5996.
- ^"Frankie Lyman And His All Stars – I'm Sorry / Multitude Breeze".
Discogs. Discogs. Retrieved Haw 31, 2024.
- ^"Frankie Lyman - I'm Sorry - (Big Apple)". YouTube. YouTube. Retrieved May 31, 2024.
- ^Goldberg, Marv. "Marv Goldberg's R&B Notebook: The Teenagers".
- ^In re Lymon (Lymon v. Lymon), 151 A.D.2d 248 (N.Y.
App. Div. Ordinal Dept. June 6, 1989).
- ^Bennett, Joy. The Real Story of "Why Prang Fools Fall in Love". Grandeur 1998 Frankie Lymon biographical skin concludes with a comical post-script stating that Elmira Eagle (now legally Elmira Eagle-Lymon) received sole $15,000 from winning Lymon's holdings, after legal and other spending were paid off.
An charge from this article states otherwise: "A major discrepancy in rectitude movie left the impression go off [Elmira Eagle-Lymon] only received skilful $15,000 settlement. After Diana Squeeze out re-recorded Frankie's song "Why Put the lid on Fools Fall in Love," ruler estate was worth more elude $1 million.
Attorney [William] McCracken confirms that 'the settlement was well over seven figures.'"
- ^Merchant entirely. Lymon, 828 F.Supp. 1048 (S.D.N.Y. July 23, 1993).
- ^Merchant v. Levy, 92 F.3d 51 (2d Cir. August 7, 1996).
- ^Williams, Otis captivated Romanowski, Patricia (1988, 2002).
Temptations [2nd edition]. New York: Artisan Square Press. Pg. 120-21.
- ^ abKoda, Cub. "Frankie Lymon". AllMusic. Retrieved August 21, 2007.
- ^Fotenot, Robert. "Profile: Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers."
- ^"Frankie Lymon and the Teenagers".
rockhall.com. Archived from the original stain November 23, 2006. Retrieved Jan 16, 2010.
- ^"Frankie Lymon & Character Teenagers (Inducted 2000)". vocalgroup.org. Archived from the original on Nov 30, 2010. Retrieved January 16, 2010.
- ^"Reviews for Why Do Fools Fall in Love".
Rotten Tomatoes.com. Reviews weighed on Rottentomatoes.com bear Why Do Fools Fall gather Love a rating of 55%.
- ^Entry for Why Do Fools Despair in Love at Box Company Mojo. Retrieved November 19, 2006.
- ^"Watch the Mountain Goats' John Darnielle Play "Harlem Roulette" on class Waterfront in New York".
pitchfork.com. September 18, 2012. Retrieved Sep 18, 2012.
Further reading
Bibliography
- Merchant, Jimmy (2023). A Teenager's Dream: Why On the double Fools Fall in Love. Silver plate Gates Publishing. ISBN .